tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-65489196167004439152024-02-08T05:45:01.328-08:00Essay writing kidsGrade 10 English Exam Essay TopicsDevon Vannhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04154182671415399799noreply@blogger.comBlogger36125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6548919616700443915.post-81083181542629418182020-08-26T10:08:00.001-07:002020-08-26T10:08:05.675-07:00Characteristics of Just Laws And Views Essay Example for FreeQualities of Just Laws And Views Essay A fair law has various broadly perceived attributes. An equitable law is described by the accompanying: treats all individuals similarly The thought of fairness is a significant part of the law. Albeit an equitable law might be giving balance it doesnââ¬â¢t consistently happen that way. For instance, a well off individual might have the option to manage the cost of legitimate portrayal, yet those individuals who canââ¬â¢t bear the cost of lawful portrayal will be hindered and won't have an equivalent open door under the steady gaze of the law. depends on commonly held strict or moral statutes The precedent-based law legitimate framework is the result of different authentic impacts, a significant number of which were the strict and good perspectives of various occasions. In todayââ¬â¢s society, morals and how they agree with the law are being substituted by the requirement for the law to ensure society all in all and think about monetary interests. is utilitarian Utilitarianism is the hypothesis which proposes the law means to guarantee the best conceivable satisfaction for the best conceivable number of individuals. stresses accord and social union most importantly Majority rule government makes lawful accord. Fair procedures furnish all residents inside the state with the chance to create or make the law. Just procedures will by and large require a lion's share or accord to bring a law into being. Fair procedures are intended to bear the endurance and prosperity of the network through focusing on agreement. takes into consideration general standards to be moderated in singular cases Mitigation takes into account reasonableness. The law endeavors to treat everybody similarly; that = everybody in comparable circumstances is burdened the equivalent, each and every individual who carries out a similar wrongdoing is given a similar punishment. Anyway the courts have carefulness to decrease the punishment as indicated by the conditions. intends to review disparities It leaves individuals free To the degree that individuals don't overstep the law, an equitable law will leave individuals free. It assesses constraints in material assets. It tends to be conjured immediately. An equitable law should manage a lawful issue or contest when practicable after that issue or debate emerges. This is on the grounds that peopleââ¬â¢s recollections blur thus their proof turns out to be less solid over the long haul. Be that as it may, this isn't generally the situation, as at present the Australian legitimate framework has extensive deferrals and cases set aside significant stretches of effort to arrive at the courts. Formal Equality â⬠hypothesis side of the real practice. Here in principle everybody in Australia is dealt with similarly and given similar open doors Institutionalized equity this is the commonsense side to it. Despite the fact that it appears everybody in Australia is equivalent there are individuals in sub bunches in the public arena who are a piece of a minority and arenââ¬â¢t ready to profit by the chances. For example of formal correspondence: Everybody needs to option to get to the law. Everybody has the option to cast a ballot Correspondence OF OPPORTUNITY-Equal treatment of individuals in access to work and administrations. â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦..So everybody has the option to go after a position. They have equivalent rights to a sheltered workplace. (work spread). Everybody has the equivalent chance to get to the lowest pay permitted by law. Equity BEFORE THE LAW-Everyone is dealt with similarly in their dealings with the law. For example The standard of law. â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦So everybody has the suggested right to legitimate portrayal. Every single Australian resident are permitted to challenge proof set forward during court (regular equity â⬠interrogation). Equity OF OUTCOMES-A training whereby the law, strategy or point of reference plans to guarantee that, paying little mind to instructive or financial foundation, or disparity of chance, the aftereffect of specific activities will be equalityâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦..so lawful guide, if individuals arenââ¬â¢t ready to manage the cost of legitimate portrayal they are allowed the chance to apply for lawful guide. Does formal uniformity under the watchful eye of the law shrouds standardized disparity? This relates most to EQUALITY OF OUTCOMES since this territory is the place the law is imperfect. In spite of the fact that everybody may have a similar open door not every person can comprehend that framework. For instance incompetent transients who come to Australia searching for a superior life think Australia has equivalent everythingâ⬠¦true except its not equivalent on the off chance that you donââ¬â¢t get it and arenââ¬â¢t acquainted with it. For instance: in the event that you originate from a non â⬠English talking foundation to Australia and stumble into difficulty with the law or are being confined or a survivor of misrepresentation and misuse how are you going to get to the law and legitimate portrayal in the event that you cannot communicate in the language and donââ¬â¢t comprehend the framework. In this way not an equivalent chance. Devon Vannhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04154182671415399799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6548919616700443915.post-87444687316569623372020-08-22T07:50:00.001-07:002020-08-22T07:50:10.296-07:00What can be done about prison overcrowding Research ProposalWhat should be possible about jail packing - Research Proposal Example it had the option to concoct extra assets to construct jail cells, the expansion of prisoners has still demonstrated to be unreasonably overpowering for the legislature to stay aware of. In California, a few detainees have taken to dozing on floors on account of the deficiency of cells (Lake ââ¬Å"Newsâ⬠). In different pieces of America, the early arrival of detainees has been looked for by jail heads just to ease prisoner populace. America has been dishing out billions of dollars to help the jail framework. ââ¬Å"State jail frameworks spend more than $30 billion every year, and the Bureau of Prisons planned $5 billion for only 182,000 government detainees this yearâ⬠(Myser ââ¬Å"Businessâ⬠). This congestion issue is credited to an assortment of elements, from the monetary to the sociological, to the political. On a financial point of view, the expansion of neediness rates has shockingly added to the expansion of crimes. Different cultural issues likewise empower and breed criminal conduct. Administrative changes and new laws like obligatory life sentences, the three-strike rule, and severe parole qualification arrangements have additionally served to build jail populace. Without the comparing increment in financing and in jail cells, these numbers will keep on rising. This paper will talk about some potential answers for the issue of jail packing, the feasibility of these arrangements, the danger of unintended or unfortunate results to these arrangements, and the commonsense obstructions that could hamper the turn of events, endorsement, and usage of the proposed arrangements. Answers for jail packing that will be examined in this paper will concentrate on measures to lessen the quantity of detainees and not answers for increment the quantity of jail cells. These arrangements will be all the more long haul. Expanding the quantity of cells won't stop jail packing, particularly if more detainees will continue coming in and topping off the new cells. This paper proposes changes Devon Vannhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04154182671415399799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6548919616700443915.post-89211219282338099172020-08-17T23:05:00.001-07:002020-08-17T23:05:03.088-07:00The RAPS4 Alcohol Screening TestThe RAPS4 Alcohol Screening Test Addiction Alcohol Use Print The RAPS4 Alcohol Screening Test Proven More Effective Than CAGE Test By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Updated on February 03, 2020 Thomas Barwick / Getty Images More in Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery The RAPS4 alcohol screening test is a four-question quiz designed for busy clinical healthcare offices that have been shown to be effective in detecting alcohol dependence in the past 12 months. It began as a five-question test called the Rapid Alcohol Problems Screen and was designed to maximize sensitivity in detecting alcohol problems. It was later refined to four questions and the name was changed to RAPS4. The test was made up of questions already in use in other screening tests. Primary care physicians offices can be very busy as the family doctor tries to see all of the patients that request an appointment. If the doctor suspects that alcohol may be affecting the health of one of his patients, there really is not enough time for him to conduct a thorough substance abuse evaluation. Therefore, short 4- or 5-questions quizzes, like the RAOS4, are ideal for making an initial evaluation. Effectiveness of the RAPS4 Test The RAPS4 test has been found to be highly effective in detecting alcohol dependence in the past year across gender and ethnic groups - white, black and Hispanic. Research has also shown that the RAPS4 is more effective than the CAGE test, which has traditionally been the most widely used test in clinical settings. The RAPS4 gets its name from the questions it poses to the patient which pertain to remorse (R), amnesia (A), performance (P), and starter drinking behavior (S). Each question pertains to the patients behaviors in the past year. RAPS4 Questions Have you had a feeling of guilt or remorse after drinking?Has a friend or a family member ever told you about things you said or did while you were drinking that you could not remember?Have you failed to do what was normally expected of you because of drinking?Do you sometimes take a drink when you first get up in the morning? A yes answer to at least one of the four questions suggests that your drinking is harmful to your health and well-being and may adversely affect your work and those around you. If you answered no to all four questions, your drinking pattern is considered safe for most people and your results do not suggest that alcohol is harming your health. Unsure about the results? You may want to take the more detailed Alcohol Abuse Screening Test for further evaluation. Devon Vannhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04154182671415399799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6548919616700443915.post-23744158053840140832020-05-24T08:12:00.001-07:002020-05-24T08:12:02.102-07:00Shizen in Translation The Japanese word shizen, pronounced shee-zen, is a common noun that translates to mean nature, as in human nature. Japanese Characters è⡠ªÃ§â ¶ ã â"ã Å"ãââ Example Sore wa shizen to wakaru koto da.ã ãâÅ'㠯è⡠ªÃ§â ¶Ã£ ¨Ã¥Ëâ ã â¹Ã£ââ¹Ã£ â㠨ã ãâ¬â Translation:à It will speak for itself. Antonym jinkou ä º ºÃ¥ · ¥; fushizen ä ¸ è⡠ªÃ§â ¶ Devon Vannhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04154182671415399799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6548919616700443915.post-70341887854585283932020-05-13T11:45:00.001-07:002020-05-13T11:45:02.257-07:00Trauma And Stressor Related Disorder - 984 Words In the DSM-5, PTSD is listed under Trauma- and Stressor- Related Disorders. In order for a person to be diagnosed with PTSD, they must meet a number of criterion- the first one being exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence. If the person does not meet this criterion, they are automatically exempt from being diagnosed with PTSD. This alone is incredibly restrictive, ignoring many groups of traumatized victims including those with psychiatric diagnosis, or those being removed from their home. Though many people can benefit from the treatments associated with PTSD, its two-dimensionality, or lack of reference to ongoing exposure has created a want for a new diagnosis in the trauma realm. Hermanââ¬â¢s response toâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦In creating the opportunity for more individuals to be diagnosed with a post-traumatic syndrome, C-PTSD creates a dignified title for individuals who have already endured so much. Victims of childhood trauma acc ount for a portion of this group. Abused children have to undergo a series of adaptations in order to experience self-preservation. The three major forms of adaptation include elaboration of dissociative defenses, development of fragmented identity, and pathological regulation of emotional states. When a child falls prey to an abuser, they cannot form inner representations of safety. Not only do they become attached to strangers, but they also cling to their abusers. During this time, Herman refers to fragmentation as ââ¬Å"becoming the central principle of personality organizationâ⬠. Normal regulations of emotional states are also disrupted, resulting in dysphoria, chronic anxiety, and chronic depression- which can last into adulthood. Normal regulations of emotional states are also affected by the elaboration of dissociative defenses. When an individual becomes too accustomed to using dissociation as a defense mechanism, they can experience something referred to as ââ¬Å"an nihilation panicâ⬠. When annihilation panic ensues, only extreme shocks to the system (such as self-mutilation) can help them separate themselves from dissociation. Though these adaptations are crucial forShow MoreRelatedAssessment And Treatment Of Combat Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Essay1598 Words à |à 7 PagesAssessment and Treatment of Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder The number of veterans returning from the Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), and Operation New Dawn (OND) conflicts that are afflicted with posttraumatic stress disorder is estimated to be in the hundreds of thousands (Kip, et al., 2013, p. 1298), demonstrating the importance of the social worker to be knowledgeable of the symptoms and treatment of this disabling trauma. 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Family functioning predicts outcomes for veterans in treatment for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Family Psychology, 23(4), 531-539. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy2.apus.edu/docview/614510891?accountid=8289 This study explored whether chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in veterans receiving treatment were effected by family behaviors. This study took several different tests to determine the current stateRead MoreUnderstanding Emotional And Social Relationships Essay1196 Words à |à 5 PagesExploring Psychological Research The studies that I chose to participate in where Emotions and Social Relationships, Psychotic-like Experiences in Borderline Personality Disorder and Exploring Personality, Violent Thoughts and Violent Behavior. Emotion Topic Area The study I chose for this category was Emotions and Social Relationships. I chose this study because there have been many times when my emotions have had an enormous impact on my social relationships. I also know there are people whoRead MoreThe Displacement Of Persons1330 Words à |à 6 Pagesstates of violence and forced fleeing from homes has left Afghans with traumatic stressors, often leading to mental health issues in the future. Mental health is a huge concern among refugee and asylees population in the U.S.as many members of these populations have encountered traumatic past experience such as war violence and torture and are at a high risk in developing depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and anxiety (Kleinman, 2004). In past studies, services for mental health Devon Vannhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04154182671415399799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6548919616700443915.post-85359114891444697342020-05-06T13:47:00.001-07:002020-05-06T13:47:20.602-07:00Accounting and Tax Free Essays string(71) " on the basis of acquisition prices rather than current market prices\." The world is increasingly adopting an extremely commercial approach to operations (Paulson 99). Every aspect in the economic environment and social systems is increasingly becoming more commercialized as the capitalistic mental has taken over a number of key areas in operations (Paulson 99). The role played by taxation and accounting systems is on the increase due to commercializations and liberalization of operations and markets. We will write a custom essay sample on Accounting and Tax or any similar topic only for you Order Now Different modes of operations and complexity in modern operations have led to the need for development of different modes of accounting and taxation (Paulson 99). Original definitions and systems are being replaced by new ones that are deemed to be more relevant to modern day operations. The policies supported by political leaders with regards to these economic factors are seen to be important to the perception that the voters have on them. The overall public, due to improvements in information systems and education levels, have become more aware of the importance of good and relevant policies to not only the development of the economy but to individual development. It is no longer left for the professionals to understand the complexities and changes in accounting and information systems be it at the policy or implementation level for ordinary citizens are continuously seeking to know more on these concepts (Paulson 73). This paper looks at some of the current trends in accounting and taxation systems in the US. and the impact they have on the development of US. as a nation. The paper looks at a issues in Private and public Company Financial Reporting and their convergence with the international standards. The other areas that the paper addresses are Cost or Equity Method of Accounting, Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, Importance of Segregation of Duties, Income tax accruals, Deferred Income taxes and McCainââ¬â¢s Vs Obamaââ¬â¢s tax plan. Introduction Developed economies and especially Americaââ¬â¢s are highly reliant on the development of the business sector (Pratt Niculita 22 ). The business sector in some of these developed economies contributes immensely to their large domestic income levels. Financial reporting is an aspect that is integrated into every business system be it profit or non-profit making. Financial reporting is a very important aspect in ensuring accountability and developing the confidence that is of high importance in a capitalistic economy that are characterized by high levels of competition. Financial reporting does not in itself guarantee success in business but helps in providing information that is critical in the development and implementation of economic decisions. Company Reporting The standard used in financial reporting in the US is the GAAP standard (Talbott 63). The main reason behind financial reporting for public entities is to meet the needs of external stake holders who due to their positions lack the ability to get the information. Even though the external users of company financial reporting may have access to information, most private companies still choose to prepare the general financial statement. Even though the GAAP financial accounting standards are aimed at providing the end user with the required information, the management of the company often finds such documents to be of great importance (Talbott 63). Many private companies implement a system where the financial statement include an independent accountant report which is drafted after the report has been audited, reviewed or compiled. The government is not directly responsible for the formulation of the accounting standards in most developed countries and it was until 2002 that the federal government intervened largely on accounting standards (Talbott 35). This non-interference is common system in most countries under common law where it is believed that the private sector is well informed and has a good resource backing. It should be noted that the GAAP is not a law that has to be followed though some key financial authorities have made it compulsory for public companies to adhere to standard (Ricardo Kolthammer 53). It should be noted that the GAAP standards for the private sectors are set by different bodies which operate under different assumptions, principles and constraints from those of the public sector. The basic objective in financial reporting is providing information; this is done by making a number of assumption, application of a series of principle and subjecting a number of constraints. Assumptions ? The business entities are assumed to be separate from its owners and other related businesses. In preparation of financial records personal expenses are kept separate from company revenues and expenses (Ricardo Kolthammer 51). ? Another key assumption made is that the business will continue operating indefinitely. This assumption is made to justify the validation of asset capitalization, depreciation and even amortization. This going concern assumption is only overridden when it is certain that the company will be liquefied (Ricardo Kolthammer 51). ? Since one of the objectives in the preparation of financial records is to ensure ease of evaluation a measure must be used. In the US, a monetary unit that is assumed to be stable is used as the unit of record. It is accepted by the FASB that the nominal value of the dollar unadjusted to take care of the inflation should be used as the main unit of measure (Ricardo Kolthammer 51). ? A major assumption in the preparation of financial records is that the economic and financial activities of a company can be divided into time units. This is the time period principle (Ricardo Kolthammer 51). There are a number of principles that have been adopted by the FASB in preparing financial records. The principles govern how the actual preparation of the records will be handled. Some of these principles include: ? Companies are required to account and report on the basis of acquisition prices rather than current market prices. You read "Accounting and Tax" in category "Papers" This principle applies to all recordings be they assets or liabilities (Ricardo Kolthammer 54). This principles ensures that the information provided is reliable by eliminating bias that would have otherwise been accrued by using the perceived value. However, there are changes in this system as a number of debts and securities are being reported on the basis of their fair price or market values. ? Principle number two is referred to as the revenue principle and it requires companies to record revenues either when they are realizable and earned or when they are realized. This accrual approach to accounting eliminates recording at receip (Ricardo Kolthammer 54)t. ? The matching principle dictates that the expenses and the revenues have to be matched as long as there is sufficient ground for pairing. Expenses are only recognized when the product or service that they have help create earns some revenue (Ricardo Kolthammer 54) The principle further states that if a situation should arise where no connection can be established between an expense and a revenue then the expenses can be charged on the existing period. This system is useful in ensuring accuracy and robustness in evaluating actual performance and profitability levels because the principle clearly shows how much was spent in earning a given revenue. ? The disclosure principle is one that governs the amount of information that can be disclosed. According to this principle, the amount of information that can be disclosed should be based on a trade off analysis (Ricardo Kolthammer 54). Disclosure of large information is often associated with increased cost in the preparation and use of the financial records. Therefore, the information disclosed should be enough for judgment while ensuring that the costs are kept low. Information in the financial records are either presented in the main body of the statement, notes or as supplementary material. A number of constraints have also been placed in coming up with financial records and reports. The constraints are aimed at reducing errors and ensuring reliability. They include: ? The objectivity principle which states that the financial records should be based on objective evidence (Ricardo Kolthammer 54). ? The significance of an item is only considered when it has been reported. The materiality principles therefore considers information to be of significance if it can in one way or the other affect the decisions made by a reasonable human person (Ricardo Kolthammer 55). ? There is also need for consistency in the accounting principles used by a company. The companies should ensure that they use the same principles year in year out. ? When choosing between two alternatives the prudent principle states that the solution that is likely to understate the income and assets should be given first priority (Ricardo Kolthammer 55). Comparison Even though the differences may not be clear a key differences arises in the aspect of stakeholders. The investors will always want to be informed on how their investments are fairing on. In a private company, systems may be developed where the investors who are often few and closely related can access financial records and the performance of their investments at particular times (Einhorn 23). Furthermore, the private nature of such businesses exempt them from mandatory disclosure and there are no restriction on the materials they can disclose. However, the story is quite different in public companies where disclosure is a must. Public companies are of national interest and therefore issues regarding their financial status affect a considerable proportion of the general public (Lewis Pendrill 32). Development in financial systems are aimed at protecting the investors from the failure of such financial institutions. The law therefore dictates that such companies must disclose their financial records and in so doing the materials disclosed should be such that they provide enough information as per the investorsââ¬â¢ requirements (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 35). Therefore, while a private company financial records may only be a page the public companies often develop booklets and mountains of documents as their financial records. In general, preparation of financial records in public companies is more resource intensive relative to private company due to the time and financial resources that have to be channeled to the preparation of the rather comprehensive records. The similarities are countless. The principles employed, assumptions made and constraints are generally within the GAAP principles (Haber 24). The principles are within the stated framework and therefore bears a lot of similarities. Disclosure is stressed on by both private and public companies for the sake of their investors. In either case, the importance of financial reports to the management of the companies and to creditors who may require the companyââ¬â¢s financial information is of equal importance. Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 The area of financial disclosure and development of financial reports is of key concern to the entire economy. The government and the legislative system is often concerned with the overall wellbeing of the people; at least that is what they have made people believe. Disclosure and financial reporting is an area that is of key importance to the overall development of not only the company whose records and transactions are being disclosed but also to other companies that may be related to the said company in one way or the other. The federal system broke its liberalization of the accounting systems when in 2002 it enacted the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (Hamilton Trautmann 44 ). The act was aimed at protecting the investors and was enacted into federal law in 2002. Previously issues regarding financial disclosure and preparation of financial records were governed by standards rather than law. The move was aimed at dealing with the increase in the levels scandals that hit a number of major corporations namely Tyco and Worldcom among others (Shanley 21). These scandals were very costly on investors and had a major bearing in the capital markets as share prices dropped considerably. The effects of the scandals were felt by both participants and non-participants as the confidence in the stock markets suffered and irrecoverable blow. The reforms that were brought by this act are considered the most far reaching changes in the business environment in decades. These new legislations did not affect the private sector and were aimed at developing enhanced standards for the public sector players including public accounting firms (Shanley 49). Its adoption was a controversial step and led to major divisions on its perceived benefits. A number of people who were and still are for its implementation state that it has led to an increase in investor confidence on the stock market while ensuring better standards and controls for corporate accounting standards. The act led to the developments and enaction of PCAOB which is charged with regulating, inspecting and ensuring relevant disciplinary measures are taken against accounting firms that are ascertained to have flawed some of the principles and standards set by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (Pratt Niculita 85 ). Some of the key features of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 include: ? The first title establishes the PCAOB as a board that will provide the required oversight for accounting firms that provide audit services. This first title also creates a central board that is tasked with ensuring procedure compliance by the boards, registration of auditors, definition of processes and procedures for compliance, quality control and management and enforcing compliance as per its mandate that are provided for in the act (Einhorn 19). ? The second title establishes the standards that will ensure the independence of external auditors so as to minimize the risk of conflict of interest. This title also puts up new auditors approval qualifications, partner rotation and reporting requirements. One of the notable features of this second title is that it bars audit firms from providing non-audit services for same clients (Einhorn 19). ? The responsibility for accuracy and completeness of financial records is placed on senior executives. This third title further defines how the external auditors will be expected to interact with the audit committees. A quarterly certification of the integrity of the financial reports by the corporate executives is required by this title (Einhorn 19). ? The fourth sections requires the inclusion of off balance sheet transactions and transactions of corporate officers. This is to ensure enhanced financial reporting and ensure accountability at the highest levels of corporate leadership. The fourth title further requires the placement of internal controls that will ensure the accuracy of the financial reports. Timely reporting in case of change in financial conditions which must also be accompanied by a review of SEC or its agents, is advocated for by this title. ? The fifth section includes measures that are aimed at restoring the confidence of the investors on the reports brought forward by securities analysts (Einhorn 77). The code of behavior for the security analysts are defined in this section and they are further required to disclose any conflict of interest that may be in their knowledge. ? The sixth section is closely related to the fifth as it defines practices that will help in the restoration of investor confidence. The SECââ¬â¢s authority is also defined in this chapter and their power to bar securities professionals from dealing is brought into proper perspectives by definition of cases where their power is applicable (Einhorn 22). ? The seventh section places more emphasis on the manner in which research that is aimed at enforcing actions against violators will be conducted. The reports and reasons that have been identified as being of importance in the research include the effects of consolidation on accounting firms, securities violation, role of credit rating agencies and enforcement actions. This chapter further suggested investigations on whether the investment banks played a role in obfuscating the financial positions of some of the corporations that failed. ? The eighth title describes the specific penalties for fraud by either manipulating, destroying or altering financial records. This title further defines the penalties associated with interfering with the course of investigation while providing a considerable level of protection for whistle blowers. ? The ninth title increase the penalties associated with white collar crimes and conspiracies to commit financial crimes. One of the key recommendations of the title is that stronger punishments should be provided for financial crime offenders. A key addition is that failure to certify corporate records is declared a criminal offense (Einhorn 19). ? The chief executive officer or the senior most corporate officer is required to certify and sign the companyââ¬â¢s tax returns in the tenth title. ? The definition of corporate fraud as a crime within the law is found in the eleventh title. Record tampering is also included as a criminal offense and the specific penalties are also defined in this section. Sentencing guidelines are revised in this chapter and the penalties are made harsher. SEC is also given the power to freeze large or suspect payments (Einhorn 18). There are a number of factors that led to the adoption of the rather controversial measures towards ensuring disclosure and accuracy of financial records. Prior to the implementation of the SOX the auditing firms were self regulated (McAlevey 45). There was considerable levels of conflict interest as they were involved with companies in more than one way. They were therefore not in a position to challenge the companies on financial matters for it may have led to poor work relations in other areas they were involved in. Audit committees were also blamed for the crisis that led to the development of the SOX as they did not perform their responsibility as investor representatives with maximum efficiency (McAlevey 56). A number of causes for failure and collapse of some of the corporations were in the line of negligence of duty and lack of the required expertise in handling business complexities. Management also had a considerable degree on audit committees and thus the integrity of their reports was questionable even before they were presented. The SEC was underfunded before the American public realized its importance to the overall development of the economy. The federal allocations to this programs have since doubled as a way of ensuring that they effectively deal with issues and threats to the financial stability of public corporations. Securities analysts had multiple roles that presented a conflict of interest (Niskanen 123). The security analysts could make recommendations on whether to sell or buy and at the same time provide financial assistance for companies who are in need of financial assistance. There is the possibility that the analysts could make decisions and recommendations that will ensure that he unfairly gains from the deals. Misleading bank practices may also lead to confusion by other investors. For instance, when a number of banks lend money to a corporation other investors may assume that the financial position of such a company is guaranteed (Griffin Walton 10). When such companies collapse as it was the case in Enron, investors in the bank and those who had invested in the corporation suffer losses. Moreover, stock volatility coupled with the bonus and stock option practices increased the pressure on companies to manage their earnings. Segregation of Duties One of the major recommendation of the SOX was the need to segregate duties (Griffin Walton 29). The need for segregation is often seen to be associated with increased accountability as the overlaps associated with non-segregation are eliminated. Furthermore, the risk of inappropriate action on individuals or groups is minimized since each and everyone has clearly defined roles and failure in their part can be traced to them. The first step in ensuring accountability is adopting a segregation approach. The segregation of jobs must be adopted by the entire organizations and documentation of its adoption ensured. Segregation of duties is not all about the physical implementation of tasks since the flow of finances has to be described fully, clarifications made and assurances that no one person has overall control over all aspects in any financial transaction made. The process of formulating such a diverse and rather complex system of operations requires time and expertise if the systems is to achieve any success. It is worth noting that though the implementation of the system may be near perfect, if the initial formulation is done ineffectively the whole systems will lack in aspects that may prove to be critical in ensuring its success. The organization has to be studied and analyzed before any changes are proposed. Since these are changes that are per the requirement of the law for public institutions there is little that organizations can do to avoid implementing this law (Griffin Walton 92). The organizations must analyze their processes and their outcomes including their behavior. The qualifications of the available human resource has to be ascertained and the organizationââ¬â¢s ability in implementing a segregated approach ascertained. A thorough analysis of the collected information will ensure the development of teams and allocation of responsibilities for each and every member of the organization who will then be answerable on all issues relating to these responsibilities they have been assigned. The implementation of such a system is as important as the formulation phase. The application of relevant controls and milestones to be met will ensure that the developments achieved as a result of the implementation of such systems is quantified and relevant corrections or improvements made to ensure continued success. The controls should ensure that whistle blowers and those that are unwilling in promoting illegal activities are protected from the wrath of ââ¬Ëcriminals ââ¬Ë(Griffin Walton 24). Therefore, the adoption of systems that will ensure whistle blowers are protected should go in line with the formulation and implementation of the segregation approach. Convergence to International Standards The implementation of the SOX led to improvement in laws and policies regarding financial disclosure that made them more similar to international standards. Furthermore, there is increased effort by the FASB, which develops accounting standards for local use to converge the standards to the IASB (Eisen 42). It should be noted that even though the IASB standards are increasingly being adopted by a number of countries the FASB has significant control on their standards. One notable difference in the standards is that the LIFO systems is not used in the international standards while they are allowed by the US. Standards, thus reporting of income statements takes on different format which may affect the analysis of financial statement by investors and stakeholders (Eisen 42). Moreover, the international systems is more principle based when compared to the US systems which can be considered to be rule based. The FASB bases their approach on the fact that the real accounting world has infinitely many exceptions and a principle based system will never be able to give a full description of actions that may be employed in all situations (Eisen 43). Equity Method of Accounting Accounting is a diverse area of study that is continuously changing as per operations requirements (Eisen 34). Financial irregularities and fraud has taken on a new dimension and thus the accounting principles and procedures have also been forced to change in order to address the change in financial trends. Investment in common stock is one of the fastest growing areas, many investors are channeling their resources to acquiring common stock and IPOs have become national events while the capital markets is one of the most highly traded market there is. The equity method of accounting is used for investments in common stock if the investor possesses over one fifth of the outstanding voicing stock of another company in which he has significant influence. Generally accepted accounting principles require that reporting using the equity method when an investor corporation has significant control over the operations and finances of an investee corporation. Significant influence is determined by representation on the board of directors, active participation in formulation of policies, intercompany transactions, interchange of managerial personnel and dependence on technology. It is generally assumed that an investor has significant control if over 20% of the outstanding common stocks of the entity are in his possession. This holds true unless there is sufficient evidence to prove otherwise (Eisen 100). The equity approach to accounting reflect more on the economic aspects than the legal aspects involved in investing in legal stocks of other companies. When the equity approach to accounting is employed, the initial records of the stock investments is done at cost. The investments accounts will then have to be adjusted to ensure that the investor share of income and losses after the date of acquisition are up to date. This investor share is used in coming up with the net income of the investor in the period as reported by the investee (Eisen 51). The methods is in line with the accrual method of accounting for its implementation ensures the recognition of revenues when they are earned and losses when incurred. Dividends received by the investors are not reported as dividend income but are a reduction on the carrying amount associated with investment. Therefore, the application of equity methods of accounting ensures that investments accounts give a reflection of the investors equity relative to investee net assets. An exception to this rule of revenue recognition is the recognition of revenue without change in working capital (Eisen 34). In the investors statement of income, the proportion of the share of the net income of the investee is reported as a single line entry except inn situations where the investee possesses extraordinary materials that would affect the investorââ¬â¢s net income statement. Such materials would be reflected as extraordinary materials in the investorââ¬â¢s income statement. The method therefore eliminates intercompany profits and losses (Eisen 43). Any excess paid for shares over their book value of the purchased subsidiary must be identified and if need be amortized or depreciated (Eisen 90). In cases where the investor owns over half of the investeeââ¬â¢s outstanding stock a consolidated financial statement for the group is presented (Eisen 110). The relationship is considered an affiliation as the investee can exercise control over the operations of the investee (Eisen 111). The equity method is used in the presentation of financial reports for unconsolidated subsidiaries in a consolidated financial report. If the parent company is preparing unconsolidated reports then the investments in the subsidiaries are reported through the use of equity accounting. The application of equity accounting methods is continuously being adopted in accounting circles due to an increase in corporate ownership. Capitalism is characterized by increased investments in joint ventures and therefore it is becoming common place for major corporations and private investors to have stake in more than one company. Multinational companies may have considerable influence on local companies whose stock they posses and therefore the application of equity accounting finds relevance in such cases. Income tax accruals and Deferred Income taxes One of the most important decisions that has to be made by businesses before they start operations regards the basis of their bookkeeping which can either be on an accrual or cash basis. The accrual system is where the income is recorded as when it is earned without considerations on whether it will be received or not. The expenses are also recorded as per when they were accrued without considerations on whether they will be paid. Taxpayers are not necessarily required to use a specific method by the Internal revenue service (IRS) (Eisen 32). However, the stock markets and other bodies may require public companies to strictly use the accrual basis in stating their incomes (Eisen 60). The IRS requires that the method used when a taxpayer first files his tax returns should be used consistently thereafter and any changes in the system must be approved by the IRS. If an investor own more than one business the use of different methods of accounting is allowed, though they must be kept separate from each other as each business is treated as separate entity. Even though the use of any method is allowed there are restriction to the use of the cash method in that corporations with a gross receipt of over $5 million excluding the S corporations, partnerships that partners with such corporations and tax shelters are all excluded from the use of cash system of accounting (Eisen 22). When using the accrual method, incomes must be reported in the tax year they were earned and expense deducted in the same manner. The time of payment is disregarded in either case and has no bearing on the nature of the results. For taxation purposes, income is reported when earned, due or payment is received depending on which one comes first. Therefore, recording of income is done when events that lead to their reception have occurred and the amount associated with the revenue or expense can be determined with pinpoint accuracy. Advance payments for services that will be received later are charged in the same years that they are received. This scheme changes if there is an agreement that the completion of the service will be in the next fiscal years thereby the recognition of the income is included in the next years records. The postponement of advance payments cannot go beyond one year. If any part of the service will go beyond the next year, all advance payments will have to be recorded in the year the receipt will be made and none of it would appear in the next yearââ¬â¢s records. Advance rent income can only be recorded in the years that they are received and can never be postponed. If a business provides a business agreement for a property that it owns, advance income associated with such property can be postponed. However, this is only applicable in cases where the business also earns income from properties that do no have service agreements in their course of operations. There are a few special rules that have been formulated with regards to handling advance payments regarding agreement for future sales. Under normal considerations the payments are recorded when they are received but this is not so in this alternative system. Under the alternate system the advance payments in earlier years and the recordings include payments in gross receipt according to the rules of the method used. Furthermore, it is advisable to record the advance payments in the years that any part of the advance payments has been included. Under the accrual system expense are reported when liability has been fixed, the amount involved has been determined clearly and economic performance has occurred. If expense is incurred in receiving a service, economic performance is considered to have been incurred when the service is provided. When property has been delivered, economic performance is said to have been incurred (Pratt Niculita 102 ). For expenses that are related to interest, the passage of time marks economic performance. In areas of compensation of services, economic performance is said to have occurred when the contractors are rendering their services. Moreover, under the accrual system expenses are only deductible in the years they apply though they can still be charged on the years they are paid if the benefits they generate are applicable for a time of over one year. If business expenses or interest are owed to persons related as per the definition of related in income tax, and the related person handle How to cite Accounting and Tax, Papers Devon Vannhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04154182671415399799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6548919616700443915.post-65988305860720111002020-05-04T20:24:00.001-07:002020-05-04T20:24:03.952-07:00Music of Bangladesh free essay sample Some of the most talented classical musicians of the sub-continent come from Bangladesh including Status Alluding Khan, Synthetically Trapped Corroboratory, Bandit Rave Shank, Bandit Mans Corroboratory, Status Ate All Khan, Status Abed Hosing Khan and so on. [edit] Rabin gangues Main article: Rabin Gangues Rabin gangues origins from the works of Arbitrating Ãâ°tagà ¨re Rabin gangues is one of the best-known genres of Bengali music outside Bengal. Its origin is found in the work the poet Arbitrating Ãâ°tagà ¨re. Edit] Unusual Gangues Unusual Gangues origins from the works of Kaki Unusual Islam Unusual Gangues, literally meaning music of Unusual, are the works of Kaki Unusual Islam, Some 4,000 Songs composed by the national poet of Bangladesh and active revolutionary during Indian independence movement. Unusual Gangues incorporate revolutionary notions as well as more spiritual and philosophical themes. Islam used his music as a major way of disseminating his revolutionary notion s, mainly by the use of strong words and powerful but catchy tunes. Islam also incorporated influences from Western India.He played an active role in carrying out a fusion between Western Indian galahs and traditional Bengali classical music. Galahs are poems in Urdu presented with a semi-classical tune, popular in Western India. ) Unusual gets that do not incorporate themes of protest essentially form what is now called Bengali glaze. The music involves variation on ragas (modes) along with complicated timing based almost entirely on vocal work and complex structure. Due to Salamis dedicated nature and lifestyle, Unusual get was not mainstream for a very long time (and possibly still is not as commercially promoted as Rabin gangues).Bangladesh singer Affair Begum played a very big role in popularizing Unusual get in both Bangladesh and West Bengal. Shoran Hosing, Ferrous Era, Shabby Mustard, also played a crucial role in making Unusual get mainstream. [edit] Folk Bengali folk music has a long history. Several people contributed to what has become one of the most important musical influences in lives of Bengali on both sides of the (West Bengal-Bangladesh) border. Among these are L alone Fakir, Has Raja and Rammers Shill. Bass Duding was a key player in popularizing folk music later on. Painting depicting Has Raja.Folk music can clearly be distinguished and classified into several sub-genres: * Ball: mainly inspired by Allan Fakir and his Suffix way of living and almost exclusively performed by hermits who have adopted such (Suffix) life style Bandier: devotional music from the South (mainly Chitchatting) * Battista: music of fishermen and boatman, almost always tied by a common raga (mode), sung solo * Byway: song of bullock-cart drivers of the North (Ranging) * Grain get: tradition song from the North (Ranging) * Gambia: song (originating in Chap Nabbing, in the North) performed with a particular distinctive rhythm and dance with two performers, always personifying a man and his grand father, discussing a topic to raise social awareness * Has Raja: devotional songs written by USIA composer Has Raja (from Sylphs near Assam) that was recently repopulated as popular dance music Ajar: song that involves musical battle between two groups * Extra Pal: songs associated exclusively with plays (performed on-stage) that usually always involve historical themes presented in a very colorful way * Certain: devotional song depicting love of * Pal: songs from the Hindu god Krishna and his (best-known) wife, Radar hoar (lake) area in Sylphs, Koshering, and Undertone usually performed on stage live by folk singers * Kobo Egan: poems sung with simple music usually resented on stage as a musical battle between poets * Allan: best known of all folk songs and the most import sub-genre of Ball songs, almost entirely attribut e to spiritual writer and composer, Allan Fakir of Austria (Western Bangladesh, near the border with West Bengal) * Murmurs: Islamic songs of devotion of the Isaiah groups based mainly on Western influences * Shari: song of boatmen sung in group to match the beat of the oar movement * Opacity: songs of the minor ethnic groups worth noting this is not really a classification since songs of these ethnic groups (of which there are at least 3 different group AS) vary widely and have very distinct and intriguing characteristics * Lottos song: songs from Enmeshing (North of Dacha) that also allegedly influenced Unusual get * Wedding songs: sung all over Bangladesh but always tied by similar tunes and by, obviously, a common theme, marriage Of these several groups, Ball song is best known and was further enriched by works of Allan. All folk songs are characterized by simple musical structure and words. Before advent of radio, stage performances of folk singers used to be possibly the only entertainment for the vast rural population of Bengal.After arrival of new communication and digital media, many of the folk songs were modernized and incorporated into modern songs (Addenda songfest). [edit] Ball Main article: Ball Ball has been such a huge influence in Bangladesh music that it deserves being called a genre on its own. However, although Ball get can be characterized by particular nature of music and presentation, in general, the genre is actually also defined by a definite cult. In order to understand Ball get, it is necessary to understand its creators. Ball is almost exclusively performed by Balls (hermits) who are followers of Suffix in Bangladesh. Note that traditionally balls were Hindus; Suffix was started following the lifestyle of L alone Shah. In Bangladesh, in the early days of Balls who claimed to be Muslims, with greater focus on love of the society and harmony with nature, ball get had to go through a major struggle of survival as did the Balls themselves. Balls were subjected to harsh teasing and isolation. However, with time, Psalmists were forced by the general population to accept the Balls and their spiritual music as part of the society. Current day Balls in Bangladesh are Suffix. Most live simple lives on an absolute minimum, earned mainly from performing their music. Ball songs always incorporate simple words expressing songs with deeper meanings involving Creation, society, lifestyle and human emotions. The songs are performed with very little musical support to the main carrier, the vocal.Balls, bohemian by nature and belief, leave on grand expeditions, writing and performing music on their entire trip to earn living and disseminate notion of love and spirituality. Cetera (literally, the one-string), Dotard (literally, the o-strings), baa(n)shih (flute made from bamboo shoot)) and cymbals are used in the presentation of Ball get. Although, in recent days, Ball get has lost popularity mainly due to disruption of the lifestyle of the balls by arbitration and westernizes, the songs have permanently altered Bengali music, especially in the form of Allan get. Ball songs were hugely promoted by Fakir Laming and Offer Shahs in Bangladesh. Edit] L alone Allan get is the work of composer and philosopher, Allan Shah (also known as Allan Fakir). Most of his songs are extensions of Ball get. However, his songs are always more philosophical in nature, involving greater thought about abstract themes. L alone get originated in Skittish and has been popularized throughout the two Bengali (West Bengal and Bangladesh) by various artists. Among the proponents of L alone get, Farina Prepare is particularly worth mentioning for her extensive work in modernizing tunes. [edit] Addenda Addenda songfest literally means modern songs. Although, to outsiders, this may seem an extremely ambiguous way of nomenclature, it has particular motivations.Bengali music traditionally has been classified mainly by the region of origin and the creators of the musical genre, such as Anza lull get (written and composed by Kaki Unusual Islam), chambray (unique to a specific area in Bangladesh), etc. However, this prevented the ability to classify any music that failed to fit into any of the classes. In the period just before Indian independence (Bengal, under British rule, was a part of one massive India that does not exactly correspond to the India of current day), several new minor musical groups emerged, mainly as playback songs for movies. These songs failed to fit into any particular genre, but seemed to be tied together by common theme of music for the masses. Devon Vannhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04154182671415399799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6548919616700443915.post-12036608790905926502020-03-30T08:04:00.001-07:002020-03-30T08:04:02.847-07:00The Integration of CamStudio and Windows Movie Maker Into the Education Programs Description of tools The integration of CamStudio and Windows Movie Maker into the education programs could be beneficial for enhancing the studentsââ¬â¢ involvement into the curriculum as well as improving their computer literacy in general. CamStudio is a tool which records all screen and audio activities displayed on the personal computer, creating standard video files in AVI format.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Integration of CamStudio and Windows Movie Maker Into the Education Programs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This program can be used for demonstrating the teaching videos for any software program as well as creating the videos for answering the frequently asked questions. Windows Movie Maker is a tool which allows creating and editing videos which can be used for the educational purposes. It enables users to combine several fragments from various videos as well as changing the original soun d of the video, replacing it with the desired sound effects if necessary. The choice of these tools can be explained with the benefits of integrating the multimedia assignments into the course as an effective alternative to lecturing and traditional tasks. The multimedia visual aids are helpful for generating the learnersââ¬â¢ interest, capturing their attention and involving their visual memory for memorizing the materials. Introduction The context for the implementation of these tools is teaching English lessons for international students. It is possible to use the products of the tools for learners of various grade levels, ranging from primary to high school. This project is aimed at high school students. The videos created using these two programs can be used for teaching new words and word combinations. It is possible to use the products of the programs as demonstrations for explaining the meaning of words in the context without using the translation into the studentsââ¬â ¢ mother tongue. The demonstration of the videos from the computer screen created by using CamStudio will capture the learnersââ¬â¢ attention and focus it on the course materials. It is possible to remove the mouse cursor for pointing at the objects under analysis, enter the text and then make corrections or underline it if necessary, selecting synonyms or emphasizing the peculiarities of the spelling of the words.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Windows Movie Maker can be used for processing movies and songs in English for adapting them for the international students by adding the necessary inscriptions and changing the structure of the video. This tool would enable the educator to add some special effects and change the original sounds for making the videos more appealing for learners. Implementation The goals for the project include enhancing the studentsââ¬â¢ involvement int o the program and developing their computer literacy. At the end of the period, the students will learn some of the options of the tools and will be able to work with the programs by themselves. The assignments created by using the multimedia devices will meet the general requirements of the curriculum concerning the language materials used in them. The students will be only partially involved into the project by teaching them only the basic options of the program so that to avoid overloading them. The main focus remains on teaching English and the tools are only methods for achieving this primary goal. Students will be encouraged with new methods and interesting assignments and it will have a positive impact on their learning achievements. Communication of the plans to parents and administration is not compulsory because the tools can be downloaded for free and their implementation does not require any changes in the curriculum. Outcomes The studentsââ¬â¢ involvement into the pr oject would be only partial so that to avoid overloading them and balance the existing curriculum and the new types of assignments. Student will learn only the basic options for working with the tools, and it would be useful for them but not too difficult. Contributing their ideas for the use of new tools in the classroom activities, students would feel that they are involved into the development of the curriculum and become more critical thinkers. The main hurdles for the implementation of the project include the technical problems and the organization of the class for working on the new types of assignments. These difficulties can be overcome by checking the equipment several times and developing detailed instructions for students.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Integration of CamStudio and Windows Movie Maker Into the Education Programs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Samples The two samples of the assi gnments created by using CamStudio include the lesson for learning 100 common English words and the lesson explaining the meaning of the idioms to beat around the bush and to string somebody alone. In the first sample, a teacher uses the mouse cursor for pointing at the pronounced words, while in the second one the discussed words are marked and replaced with their synonyms. The two samples created by using Windows Movie Maker include excerpts from a movie and ABBAââ¬â¢s song with subtitles. Using the subtitles and inscriptions is helpful for adaptation of the videos and enhancing the learnersââ¬â¢ understanding of the materials. Windows Movie Maker allows also changing the structure of the video and selecting only particular fragments from it for concentrating the learnersââ¬â¢ attention and deleting the complicated fragments which would be not understandable for students. Reference List CamStudio Open Source. Windows Movie Maker. This essay on The Integration of CamStudio and Windows Movie Maker Into the Education Programs was written and submitted by user Hazel Galloway to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Devon Vannhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04154182671415399799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6548919616700443915.post-22973632763222701332020-03-07T12:17:00.001-08:002020-03-07T12:17:03.120-08:00Heroin Addiction EssaysHeroin Addiction Essays Heroin Addiction Essay Heroin Addiction Essay Essay Topic: 8th Grade Harmonizing to The National Institute on Drug Abuse. diacetylmorphine is an illegal. extremely habit-forming drug. It is both the most abused and the most quickly moving of the opiates. Heroin is processed from morphia. a of course happening substance extracted from the seed cod of certain assortments of poppy workss. It is typically sold as a white or chocolate-brown pulverization or as the black gluey substance known on the streets as black pitch heroin . Although purer diacetylmorphine is going more common. most street diacetylmorphines iscut with other drugs or with substances such as sugar. amylum. powdered milk. or quinine. Street diacetylmorphines can besides be cut with strychnine or other toxicants. Because diacetylmorphine maltreaters do non cognize the existent strength of the drug or its true contents. they are at hazard of overdose or decease. Heroin besides poses particular jobs because of the transmittal of HIV and other diseases that can happen from sharing acerate leafs or other injection equipment. Harmonizing to the 2003 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. which may really undervalue illicit opiate ( diacetylmorphine ) usage. an estimated 3. 7 million people had used diacetylmorphine at some clip in their lives. and over 119. 000 of them reported utilizing it within the month predating the study. An estimated 314. 000 Americans used diacetylmorphine in the past twelvemonth. and the group that represented the highest figure of those users were 26 or older. The study reported that. from 1995 through 2002. the one-year figure of new diacetylmorphine users ranged from 121. 000 to 164. 000. During this period. most new users were age 18 or older ( on norm. 75 per centum ) and most were male. In 2003. 57. 4 per centum of past twelvemonth diacetylmorphine users were classified with dependance on or maltreatment of diacetylmorphine. and an estimated 281. 000 individuals received intervention for diacetylmorphine maltreatment. Harmonizing to the supervising the Future study. NIDAââ¬â¢s countrywide one-year study of drug maltreatment among the Nationââ¬â¢s 8th. 10th. and 12th graders. diacetylmorphine usage remained stable from 2003-2004. Lifetime diacetylmorphine usage measured 1. 6 per centum among the 8th graders and 1. 5 per centum among 10th- and 12th graders. The 2002 Drug Abuse Warning Network ( DAWN ) . which collects informations on drug related hospital exigency section ( ED ) episodes from 21 metropolitan countries. reported that in 2002. diacetylmorphine -related ED episodes numbered 93. 519. NIDAââ¬â¢s Community Epidemiology Work Group ( CEWG ) . which provides information about the nature and forms of drug usage in 21 countries. eported in its December 2003 publication that diacetylmorphine was mentioned as the primary drug of maltreatment for big parts of drug maltreatment intervention admittances in Baltimore. Boston. Detroit. Los Angeles. Newark. New York. and San Francisco. How is heroin used? Heroin is normally injected. sniffed/snorted. or smoked. Typically. a heroin maltreater may shoot up to four times a twenty-four hours. Intravenous injection provides the greatest strength and most rapid oncoming of euphory ( 7 to 8 seconds ) . while intramuscular injection produces a comparatively slow oncoming of euphory ( 5 to 8 proceedingss ) . When diacetylmorphine is sniffed or smoked. peak effects are normally felt within 10 to 15 proceedingss. NIDA research workers have confirmed that all signifiers of heroin disposal are habit-forming. Injection seems to be the prevailing method of diacetylmorphine usage among addicted users seeking intervention ; in many CEWG countries. diacetylmorphine injection is reportedly on the rise. while heroin inspiration is worsening. However. certain groups. such as White suburbanites in the Denver country. study smoke or inhaling diacetylmorphine because they believe that these paths of disposal are less likely to take to dependence. With the displacement in heroin maltreatment forms comes an even more diverse group of users. In recent old ages. the handiness of higher pureness diacetylmorphine ( which is more suited for inspiration ) and the lessenings in monetary values reported in many countries have increased the entreaty of diacetylmorphine for new users who are loath to shoot. Heroin has besides been looking in more flush communites ( omega ) . Harmonizing to the NDIA the immediate effects of diacetylmorphine ( the short term ) . shortly after injection ( or inspiration ) . diacetylmorphine crosses the blood-brain barrier. In the encephalon. diacetylmorphine is converted to norphine and binds quickly to opioid receptors. Abusers typically report a experiencing a rush of enjoyable sensation-a rush . The strength of the haste is a map oof how much drug is taken and how quickly the drug enters the encephalon and binds to the natural opioid receptors. Heroin is peculiarly habit-forming because it enters the encephalon so quickly. With diacetylmorphine. the haste is normally accompanied by a warm flushing of the tegument. dry oral cavity. and a heavy feeling in the appendages. which may be accompanied by sickness. emesis. and terrible itcing. After the initial effects. maltreaters normally will be drowsy for several hours. Mental map is clouded by heroinââ¬â¢s consequence on the nervous system. Cardiac map slows. Breathing is besides badly slowed. sometimes to the point of decease. Heroin overdose is a peculiar hazard on the street. where the sum and pureness of the drug can non be known. The long term effects of diacetylmorphine usage and the most damaging is addiction itself. Addiction is a chronic. get worsing disease. characterized by compulsive drug seeking and usage. and by neurochemical and molecular alterations in the encephalon. Heroin besides produces profound grades of tolerance and physical dependance. which are besides actuating factors for compulsive usage and maltreatment. As with maltreaters of any habit-forming drug. diacetylmorphine maltreaters bit by bit spend more and more clip and energy obtaining and utilizing the drug. Once they are addicted. the diacetylmorphine abuserââ¬â¢s primary intent in life becomes seeking and utilizing drugs. The drugs literally change their encephalons and their behaviour. Physical dependance develops with higher doses of the drug. With physical dependance. the organic structure adapts to the presence of the drug and backdown symptoms occur if usage is reduced suddenly. Withdrawal may happen within a few hours after the last clip the drug is taken. Symptoms of backdown include restlessness. musculus and bone hurting. insomnia. diarrhoea. purging. cold flashes with goose bumps ( cold Meleagris gallopavo ) . and leg motions. Major backdown symptoms peak between 24 and 48 hours after the last dosage of diacetylmorphine and subside after about a hebdomad. However. some people have shown persistant backdown marks for many months. Heroin backdown is neer fatal to otherwise healthy grownups. but it can do decease to the foetus of a pregnant nut. At some point during uninterrupted diacetylmorphine usage. a peson can go addicted to the drug. Sometimes addicted persons will digest many of the backdown symptoms to cut down their tolerance for the drug so that they can once more see the haste. Physical dependance and the outgrowth of backdown symptoms were one time believed to be the cardinal characteristics of heroin dependence. We now know this non to be the instance wholly. since craving and backsliding can happen hebdomads and months after backdown symptoms are long gone. We besides know that patients with chronic hurting who need opiates to map ( sometimes over drawn-out periods ) have few if any jobs go forthing opiates after their hurting is resolved by other agencies. This may be because the patient in hurting is merely seeking alleviation of hurting and non the haste sought by the nut. The Medical effects of chronic diacetylmorphine injection usage include scarred and/or collapsed venas. bacterial infections of the blood vass and bosom valves. abscesses ( furuncles ) and other soft ââ¬âtissue infections. and liver or kidney disease. Lung complications ( including assorted types of pneumonia and TB ) may ensue from the hapless wellness status of the maltreater every bit good as from heroinââ¬â¢s dejecting effects on respiration. Many of the additives in street diacetylmorphine may include substances that do non ready dissolve and consequence in choke offing the blood vass that lead to the lungs. liver. kidneys. or encephalon. This can do infection or even decease of little spots of cells in critical variety meats. Immune reactions to these or other contaminations can do arthritis or rheumatologic jobs. Ofcourse. sharing of injection equipment or fluids can take to some of the most terrible effects of heroin abuse-infections with hepatitis B and C. HIV. and a host of other blood-borne viruses. which drug maltreaters can so go through on to their sexual spouses and kids. Devon Vannhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04154182671415399799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6548919616700443915.post-14902588184936074562020-02-20T03:43:00.001-08:002020-02-20T03:43:03.580-08:00Process or structure of government Research PaperProcess or structure of government - Research Paper Example The head of the government who is the US president share his powers with the Congress and the Judiciary system. These three branches dependent for proper functioning of the government. Being a Federal Constitutional Republic, the United Statesââ¬â¢ Constitution is the supreme law of the land. The US Democracy is different from other democracies in that every state of the Union holds enough power to make their own reforms as long as they do not go against the Supreme Law, which is the Constitution. The Executive This is the branch that consists of the president, the vice president and fifteen cabinet departments. Every four years, the Americans go to the ballot to elect a president and his running mate who takes the position of the vice president. The president of the US is the commander-in-chief of the U.S Armed Forces and is essentially the leader of the country. It is the duty of the president to recommend legislation to Congress, convene Congress, deliver the state of the Union address to Congress every year. ... The president usually appoints fifteen cabinet members who must be approved by the Senate. The Legislature This is the arm of government tasked with legislating or rather making laws. It was established by Article 1 of the Constitution. Thus the Congress, the collective legislative body consists of the Senate and the House. These two House were established so as to balance the concerns of smaller but more populated states against those of larger but more sparsely ones. Thus the Senate is made up of 100 members known as Senators. Each state is allowed two representatives. However The House of Representatives currently consists of 435 members, with each stateââ¬â¢s representation dependent on its population. The two Houses have got unique duties and powers and could be tasked with some specific duties as well. For example a House may initiate legislation that require people to pay taxes and can decide if public officials are to be tried if accused of crime. After every two years, re presentatives are elected. The Senate confirms presidential appointments such as that of ambassadors, cabinet members and federal judges. Federal officials accused of crime are tried by the Senate after the Senate votes to impeach the official. The senate is presided over by the vice president and the election of Senators takes place after every six years. The Judiciary This branch is established by Article 3 of the U.S constitution. However its powers duties nor organization is not spelt out here. This was left to the Congress and Justices of the Court itself to develop the authorities and operations of the entire Judiciary. The Supreme Court Justices are usually nominated by the president and later on approved by a majority of vote of the Senate. Their terms of service are Devon Vannhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04154182671415399799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6548919616700443915.post-29556640844886628032020-02-04T16:10:00.001-08:002020-02-04T16:10:04.735-08:00Complexity of human being and their moral actions EssayComplexity of human being and their moral actions - Essay Example question or dilemma results in a search for a method that can be used by humans in ethical decision-making and justification, a method that would give the conditions to be met by any moral or ethical decision and consequently the action. This is the complexity in human beings. This essay will attempt to explain this complexity in relation to moral and ethical actions based on the Kantian deontology theory and how it reduces and evaluates this complexity. The essay will also examine how Aristotelian-Thomistic ethics evidences this human complexity. The complexity of human beings is evidenced in their moral actions since all moral actions are a product of moral and ethical reasoning. Moral action is based on the principle of right and wrong which is preceded by reasoning. Many a times, when humans are to make decisions for actions there are to take, their reasoning and decisions are always based on either the approach of rights, duties, and obligations; consequences; and or human nature. Should morality of our decisions and actions be based on rights, obligations, and duties? Or, should it be evaluated based on its consequences or human nature? According to Kantian Deontology, the only good thing is that action which is of free will motivated by the right reasons. Kant uses reason as a faculty which he considers is the way that human complexity in terms of reasoning and decision-making can be reduced and evaluated. Kant argues that, it is not inclination, but rather, it is reason that should guide human moral action. In this sense, the resulting moral action according to Kant becomes a duty (Kant 61). Basically, Kant argues that, a purely free and good action of the will is one that is purely done not on the basis of inclination but because there are right reasons for it. For instance, let say you find a lost wallet that belongs to a stranger, Kantian deontology argues that, despite an inclination of keeping the money, one should return the wallet simply because Devon Vannhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04154182671415399799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6548919616700443915.post-53515387046631302302020-01-27T12:34:00.001-08:002020-01-27T12:34:05.833-08:00Sexism In English Language English Language EssaySexism In English Language English Language Essay Sexism in language represents one of the major issues in sociolinguistic studies. As a phenomenon of society, sexism is reflected through language that expresses inclination in favor of one sex and treats the other one in a discriminatory manner. Characteristically, the bias is in favor of men and against women. Thus, the language is presented as a powerful tool of patriarchy. Even though in English-speaking countries all the people are considered equal, discrimination against women exists and this fact is observed in language. Given this evidence, the purpose of the research is to study morphological, syntactic and semantic peculiarities of English sexist language. The research proposal will therefore seek to explore and investigate the following: à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¢ To define the concept of sexist language; à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¢ To identify and evaluate the cultural factor, social factor, physiological factor and psychological factor which influence the existence of sexism in English language; à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¢ To examine the elements of sexism in the English language which occur in the syntax, morphology and semantics of the language; à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¢ To determine the strategies for avoiding sexism in English language. The main method applied in this study is a literary overview of the works in which is treated the topic Sexism in English language. The theoretical framework which influenced the elaboration of this research for the deeper insight into the problem of morphological, syntactic and semantic peculiarities of English sexist language is based on the relevant and recent works of such authors as Peter Trudgill in Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society, Nilson, Alleen Pace and Haig Bosmajian, H Lee Gershung, Julia P Stanley in Sexism and Language, Nneka Umera-Okeke in Linguistic Sexism: An Overview of the English Language in Everyday Discourse and Hudson, R. A. in Sociolinguistics. These books were selected for the present research as they investigate the phenomenon of sexism in English language and they are recent studies from sociolinguistic domain. On the basis of their ideas concerning elements of sexism in English language, I will analyze and compare their assumptions and evidences about the topic under the discussion. Consequently, I will outline the similarities and differences between their points of view concerning the topic. In addition to this, I will try to determine if they contradict or share the same ideas about the problem investigated and if their arguments are reasonable and trustful, in order to clarify if English language is a sexist one, and if it is to examine the elements of sexism in the English language which occur in the syntax, morphology and semantics of the language. The motivation for choosing the topic of this research proposal is based on the fact that during the last decades a lot of questions and criticisms ofà sexist languageà have appeared, trying to identify whether English language is a sexist language or it does not. Thus, it would be relevant to perform a linguistic investigation of morphological, syntactic and semantic peculiarities of sexist language. On the basis of this investigation, we will identify the role language plays in the society and how it influences the social attitudes of human beings. Taking into account the fact that women were regarded as a weaker gender in society, being discriminated for a long time, it seems interesting and challenging to explore this topic in order to identify whether this stereotyped social phenomena or subordinate status of women in society is reflected and preserved in language. Due to the fact that many students encounter difficulties in determining the gender of the nouns, the results o f this research will help them to distinguish between the common gender, female gender and male gender of the words and to justify their use. This research could serve as a didactic material for teachers of sociolinguistics and help investigate the main morphological, syntactic and semantic peculiarities of sexist language. Definitions of Sexist Language One of the most important factors in the development of the world is language, which can be interpreted as a human creation. Taking into account the fact that humanity is divided into two spheres: the sphere of males and the spheres of females, it can be revealed a major ambiguity concerning the subject if the language is made by men or by women. Even though, English countries claim that all people are born equal, there are a lot of inequalities between men and women. It is put stress on this topic because according to sociolinguistic research, this inequality is reflected in language and this phenomena sexism in language represents one of the major issues in sociolinguistic studies. According to Hudson, sexism in English languages has existed for a long time, which is reflected of the traditional ethics that men are superior to women [x; 38]. In this order of ideas, Deborah Cameron work, reveals that Men originate from Mars and Women originate from Venus [10]. Given this evidence, it can be seen that some gender differences do exist. Support for this interpretation comes from Peter Trudgell, through his work Sociolinguistics: An introduction to language and society [7; 100], who confirms that males are above females, due to the fact that in the past there existed the myth of superiority, when the entire power was in the hands of men. Thus, as a special social phenomenon, sexism is inevitably reflected through language and sexism in language reflects sexism in society. But, with the raise of womens liberation, and the development of mass media, the whole English words start a social revolution to eliminate the sexism in the English language, because sexism in the English language is seen as a discriminating act of women. This point is particularly relevant for Nneka Umera-Okekes study Sexism in English Language, who asserts that sexism is a kind of discrimination by one sex against the other, especially by males against females [4; 7]. Applied to language, Rob in Lakoff underlines that a sexist language takes a male-as-norm attitude, while female norms have a less positive connotation than males. Thus, Robin Lakoff uses the example of master vs mistress to make the point: there are unequalà connotationsà that surround these two matching terms and to the detriment of the female Master has strong and powerful connotation, while mistress does not [2; 67]. This evidence seems to indicate that a sexist language also presents stereotypes of both females and males, but more often to the disadvantage of females. A fuller discussion about sexist language appears in the study Beginners Guide to Language and Gender. Multilingual Matters, 2008, by Allyson Jule, who claims that a sexist language depicts women in the position of passive object rather than active subject, such as on the basis of their appearance (a blonde) or domestic roles (a mother of two) when similar depictions in similar contexts would not be made of men [1; 65]. On this basi s it may be inferred that sexist language discriminates against women. Research by Nneka Umera-Okeke, Linguistic Sexism: An Overview of the English Language in Everyday Discourse, suggests that sexist language is considered to be any language that is supposed to include all people, but unintentionally (or not) excludes a gender -this can be either males or females. It is clear therefore that a look at sexist language is finding the relation between language and gender. A more plausible explanation for this phenomenon would refer to the moment when many people meet difficulties of making the choices between certain words in their everyday discourses. For instance, they wonder which to choose the chairman has arrived for the meeting or the chairperson has arrived when referring to a woman. This fact lends weight to the argument that a sexist language excludes women and trivializes what women do [4; 32]. Sexist language is especially common in situations that describe jobs-common assu mptions include that all doctors are men, all nurses are women, all coaches are men, or all teachers are women. These examples lend strong support to the fact that a sexist language transmits the stereotypes. Ivy and Backlund state that a sexist language refers to the attitudes/behaviors that denigrate one sex to the rise of the other. [5; 123]. Given this evidence it can be seen that sexist language is a verbal communication that transmit those attitudes and behaviors. Additionally to this, a sexist language can be viewed as an instrument used by the members of the society to damage someone. Cameron rightly points out that a language can be called sexist if it represents or name the world from a masculine viewpoint. This means that language encodes a cultures values, and in this way reflects sexist culture [10]. The opinion of Parks Roberton concerning the definition of sexist language is that words, phrases, and expressions that unnecessarily differentiate between women and men or exclude, or diminish either gender [5; 127]. In other words, sexist language refers to the use of language expressions in such a way that it constitutes an unbalanced portrayal of the sexes. Hyde has drawn attention to the fact that in a sexist language he and man refer to everyone [3; 73]. This fact becomes clear when Slovenko examines English language stating that except for words that refer to female by definition (mother, actress, Congresswoman), and words for occupations traditionally held by females (nurse, secretary, prostitute), the English language defines everyone as male [6; 78]. Concluding this subchapter designed to the analysis of the definitions of sexist language, it can be entailed the fact that the sexist language excludes, marginalizes or discriminates against people on the basis of their gender and creates an unfair distinction between women and men. Sexism in language in general comes in three major forms: language ignores women; it defines women as less significant than men; and it completely opposes women. They can be located in the generic masculine terms. Thus, the sexist language is the use of words that cultivate stereotyped gender roles. The Factors of Sexism in the English Language Sexism in English is built up during a long period of the development of language, which leads to the variety of the causes. Thus, in the study An Analysis of Sexism in English Language, there are enumerated four factors which cause the appearance of sexism in language: [11]. Religious Factor According to the Holy Bible (The Books of The Old Testament), God created man first of all, while woman made from one of mans ribs was created just as a help meet for him [Holy Bible]. From the order of the birth, it is obvious to see the different importance of man and woman. Thus, man and woman are not equal at all because woman is only a part of man, which itself is the discrimination against women. Additionally to this, it is known the fact that the first sin was also committed by the woman. Consequently, the woman was punished to bring forth children in pain and was ruled over by the man. These two examples reveal the superiority of men and inferiority of women. In fact, the Holy Bible is actually a book of men and as Christianity is such a powerful religion in Western countries, it is clear therefore that this religious factor consolidate the inferiority of women. Physiological factor Due to the fact that men are stronger than women from physiological point of view, it can be stated that this fact determines that men play a more and more important role in social and economic lives. A mans job is to work outside but a womans job is to stay at home, do the housework and take care of the children. Women are treated as the weaker ones and they realize their own values through their marriages to men. At last, women are lower in status. They have to leech on to men and are dominated by men. Gradually, people begin to discriminate women and think that they are inferior in intelligence. This wrong perspective reflects in language [7; 37]. Social Factor Feminists all claim that we live in a patriarchal society: a society of men, ruled by men and for men. Patriarchy depicts men as the perfect norm against which women are measured and found lacking. Both the Western and Eastern societies use sex, to one degree or another, in allocating tasks, activities, rights, and responsibilities. As for the job done by men and women, there is a long-stereotyped notion of what they can do. In history, there has been a division of labor-a division in which womens place was restrained at home for housework and child-care while men worked outside being the breadwinner. At last, men had dominance over women, and women had to be dependent on men. This was the turning point for women. Thus the sexism in the society has been in existence, the embodiment of which is necessarily the sexism of language. Guimei He in his work An Analysis of Sexism in English, adds that this factor is in a strong correlation with labor division [11]. Psychological factor Because of the social and cultural factors, women are always considered to be the weak. People treat women as inferior to men. They educate men to be manly, decisive, and brave while women are required to be polite, conservative, obedient, and gentle. Because women are in subordinate status in the society, they have to constrain their emotion and give up their own need to meet the satisfaction of men. As time passes, when speaking women pay more attention to the elegance and standard of language than men. They use more pleasant and polite words in the hope that they can receive others approval. And they are taught to speak softly, to avoid contradicting others, to be obedient in communication, and to be aware of giving cues of strong confidence. They mould themselves to be inferior in their potential sub consciousness. Therefore, women try their best to strengthen their social status through their speech than men do. This also suggests that women are in a lower position in the societ y. Additionally to this, Xiang Xu in his study The Sexism in English and Its Rebuilding, claims that history development also had a strong influence to the appearance of sexism in language. Thus, he exemplifies that from ancient time on, the ruling position in western society is almost held by male persons. After climbing to the high position, men began to look down upon women. This attitude could influence the ideology of the whole society. So lots of men-central terms with sexists color came into being during the stage of English forming. In the 14th century, Chaucer, who is concieved as the Father of English language, created a great deal of terms, later, Milton and Shakespeare competitively invented new words. They contributed a lot to English, at the same time, the negative side they brought cant be ignored. These famous males contribution to English who were living in males society, accelerated the extensive transmission of the language of sexism [9; 101-103]. 1.3 Elements of Sexism in English Language In order to identify if English Language is a sexist language, we are going to focus on the identification and examination of elements of sexism which occur in the syntax, morphology and semantics of English Language. 1.3.1 Morphological Peculiarities of Sexism in English a) Derivation In English Language, derivation is a way of word formation with the help of derivational morphemes affixes and suffixes. It forms a word with meaning and category distinct from that of its base through the addition of an affix. These affixes often change the part of the stem. Thus, affixes help us to identify relationships within words. The affixes are always bound morphemes, which carries information about meaning or function. Referring to the English lexicon, Guimei He in his study An Analysis of Sexism in English, claims that in the English lexicon one of the most obvious evidences of the sexism is the affixes which lead to a view of women as a derivation from a male term [11]. The feminine one is always derivative of the masculine one by adding a feminine suffix such as -ess and -ette. Actor, for instance, with the meaning of a person who plays the part of a character in a movie or play ,when attached to a feminine suffix -ess, becomes actress with the meaning of woman with profession similar to those of actor . And as for -ette, when usher is adhered to -ette, it becomes usherette. Such pairs of the words are of long lists in English lexicon. Here just list some of them: Masculine Feminine ambassador ambassadress duke duchess Rovano lends weight to the argument that this kind of word-formation seems to tell that women are derived from men and attached to the men [3; 72-28]. On this basis it can be inferred the fact that the addition of a feminine suffix to masculine human agent nouns usually does more than simply change the gender reference of the word, it often attaches a meaning of triviality, of lesser status or dependence to the term. It shows that woman is affiliated to man, so it is a kind of linguistic discrimination against women. But with further insight into the meaning of such pairs, Randall mentions that stereotyping in the termsà governorà and governess, andà bachelorà andà spinster, the masculine and feminine forms have vastly differing connotations [8; 129]. Thus, he exemplifies that the suffix-ess not only marks the secondary position of the feminine words but also connotes the relationship between the female and male reference to the pair of words. Let us compare the pair of governor with governess. Governor is a ruler of a country, city and associates with power and high social status as well as honor and dignity; while governess is a woman employed to teach young children in their home. Because of the gender differentiation, these two words have dramatically different meanings, the masculine one of which belongs to high social class, but the feminine one marked with -ess belongs to a lower social class. By making observation of many feminine words, which are formed through derivation by adding the suffix-ess, it must therefore be recognized that -ess is far a suffix marking the female category, it has semantic meanings. Preference for but discrimination against female can be clearly seen in ways of word formation. Another aspect, touched by Trask I his study, concerned with this point is that English sex-paired words (here referring to the pair of words with gender contrast) the masculine one has greater flexibility in word-formation and mainly has a wider distribution of meaning [7; 39]. Take the pair of man and woman for instance (man and woman here are roots in the process of word formation). Manhood has three meanings in the Oxford Dictionary. (1) state of being a man, (2)qualities of a man, eg. courage, manliness,(3) a men of a country, while womanhood only has one meaning concept of state of being woman [12]. By comparison, it is clear that manhood has two more meaning concepts than womanhood. What means by having more meaning concepts? According to Trudgill, words are symbol of physical entities in reality [7; 39]. In this sense, the masculine words with much more meaning concepts reflect that men have more chance in social activities and in turn a more efficient way to express them selves and reinforce the masculine imagery. It comes to a conclusion that masculine words are common and general, while feminine words are mainly formed by attacking suffixes on the basis of the masculine words. b) Compound Words Another common way to build words in English through the combination of lexical categories is compound. Greenberg presented a taxonomy of gender for languages. In addition to languages that are without gender, languages are said to have either semantic (also called natural) gender or grammatical (also called anomalous) gender [4; 13]. Thus, he stated that English itself has no difference of gender. Many professionals such as doctor, engineer, lawyer, professor, judge, and surgeon can be used to indicate both males and females. However, actually due to the long-stereotyped view of the relationship between gender and profession, such word conventionally refers to one gender, either male or female. Since occupational terms in English are often seen as a source of perceived sexism, McMinn et al. (1990) administered a test to check for the use of sexist language among college students [1; 67-68]. In written and oral protocols subjects were asked to respond to the following occupational terms, which had been placed in non-sexual contexts:à business executive, nurse, professor, truck driver, librarian, robber, bank teller [10]. Their study shows that sexual bias in English goes beyond grammatical marking, that is, that simply finding terms unmarked for gender will not disabuse language users of their sexual stereotypes For example: (1)My cousin is an engineer. (2)My cousin is a nurse. Nine out of ten come with the first response that my cousin in sentence (1) is male and in sentence (2) female. Only one of all ten tells with hesitation whether my cousin is female or male. Professions involving power and strength such as president and chairman are more likely to be associated to men, because these satisfactory jobs are traditionally viewed as ones qualified only by males. But when indicating females position, professions, etc, these words are created by adding a bound morpheme or by combining them with a word referring to female, a compound form of combination of a female title such as woman, female, lady or madam and the professional term comes into use, for example, woman lawyer and madam chairman. On the other hand, professions involving patience, service or lower social status are more likely to be associated with woman, for example, nurse, dressmaker and secretary. If on special occasions a male involved, then the compound form of a masculine title male or man and a professional term is used for example, newsman, policeman, businessman, fireman, salesman, fisherman, etc. It makes clear that men monopolize the high status professions. Women can only do service work or low social status work. Take the compound word callboy and call girl for example. The former refers to the waiter in hotel or the person who calls the player ready to stage in theatre; the latter means the prostitute summoned by phone. These words have manifested the discrimination of language towards female from the angle of word matching. Using compound forms to specify professions between men and women is somehow a reflection of the reality that women are exclusive from professions with higher social status and to some extent the form of language usage in turn reinforces such a social phenomenon. 1.3.2 Syntactic Peculiarities of Sexism in English a) Generic Pronouns In English there are a group of nouns of common gender, which refer to either male or female such as student, person, teacher, etc. When such nouns are used with generic reference in single form, the traditional grammar advocates using the masculine pronouns in the context for the purpose of coherence with generic nouns [4; 12-14]. Generic pronouns are pronouns that are said to refer, with equal likelihood, to women and men. But the English language ignores women by allowing masculine terms to be used specifically to refer to males and commonly to refer to human beings in general. The generic pronoun he is perhaps the most well known example of the gender-specific of sexist language, and is frequently referred to be he/man language. The most significant manifestation of the sexism is in the use of generic masculine pronouns he and its variants his, him and himself in such sentences as: (1) If one wants to see the ruins, he must find his own guide. (2)à He who laughs last laughs best. (3)à Everyone must do his homework well. (4)à Everyone should learn to solve problems himself. In the above examples, he, his, him and himself are used not sex-specifically, but generically, that is, although the pronouns refer grammatically to the single male citizen, they should be taken to refer to both male and female citizens in general. On the formal occasions, he, him or his can be used to refer to such indefinite pronouns as each, everyone, everybody, no one, someone, anyone and so on. While she, her, herself dont have such usages.à à In other words, the masculine pronoun is the representative either female or male reference. Thus, it seems like a linguistic edition of the social inequalities. b) Generic Nouns Another well-known example of generic masculine term is man. Man and woman as two equal components of human race are actually not equal in English lexicon. Man, besides its reference to male human being can also refer to the whole race. The usage in a general sense of man makes woman invisible. For example; (1) All men must die. (2) Man is a social animal. It is easy to see that man, and men can be used generically to refer to both male and female. But woman and women cannot be employed in reference to men. When man appears in discourse, it is commendatory and positive in main circumstances [3; 75-76]. Look at the following idioms: (1) be man enough: brave enough (2) be oneà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¸s own man: be able to arrange and decide things independently. However, situation involved woman is quite different: Look at the following examples: (1) Wine, women, and song: drinking, dancing, etc, and enjoying oneself (2) Make an honest woman of somebody: marry somebody having had sexual relationship with her. In the English language, some words referring to female firstly are commendatory words, but afterward slowly have derogatory senses. Survey in the dictionary on the illustrative idioms of man and woman as a quantity observation, derogation of woman is clearly seen. There are totally 33 illustrative idioms for man, of which 15 are with positive meaning, five negative and the rest are neutral with five shared by both man and woman in structure and meaning; While in case of woman, there are only 8 illustrative idioms of which five shared with man in structure and meaning, the rest are all derogatory. From this, one can know that in English using man or men indicates the human race, they treat man as the center of the society, an embodiment of criterion and totally ignore the existence of woman. c) Word order Graddol, D.Swam,J. in their study Gender Voices attest the fact that sexism in language is also reflected in word order. When men and women are presented together, usually words denoting male sex are put in front of female sex. Making females come second reflects the sexist attitude that men are superior to women [6; 71]. 1) Good morning, boys and girls Such a language phenomenon seems to appear so natural as to be widely accepted as a language norm.à In 1553, Wilson insisted that is more natural to place man before woman, as in male and female, husband and wife, father and wife. His point lends weight to the argument that males come first in the natural order, and this is one of the first examples of a male arguing for not only just the superiority of males but that this superiority should be reflected in the structure of language [8; 110-111]. However, Atkinson, K. claims that there are also cases in which male-female order is reversed, for example bride and groom, and ladies and gentlemen. He explains this phenomena by stating that marriage is important to women and the latter is influenced by the notion that men should protect women. Putting ladies before gentlemen doesnt show that women are more superior to men or ladies first, but indicates that in mens mind, women, the same as children, are the weaker ones [4; 167] 1.3.3 Semantic Peculiarities of Sexism in English 1.3.3.1 Semantic derogation of women The study of Cameron, D. in his work Language, Gender, and Sexuality: Current Issues and New Directions is relevant for the reason that he states that language has a tendency to neglect women, treat women as submission and also demean women. The process of words that refer to women acquiring demeaning or sexual connotations has been widely observed, and has been called semantic derogation [10]. 1.3.3.2 Non-parallel semantic developments of paired terms Hudson, R. A claims that words become negative when shifted into the female sphere, while male has remained pure and neutral [1; 34]. For example: King and Queen The first noun is masculine, the other feminine and both mean ruler of an independent state. However, king has preserved its initial meaning, but besides the core meaning of queen, queen is also used as a disparaging term for a gay or sexual man. Master and Mistress Both of them indicate someone who possesses and/or has power over someone or something else. For example: He is my master. usually means He is my boss. or He has more power than me. While She is my mistress. is more likely to be interpreted as meaning She is my illicit lover. Mistress originally refers to a woman in a position of authority, control, and ownership, as the head of a household like a housekeeper, but it implies a woman who has a continuing sexual relationship with a usually married man who is not her husband and from whom she generally receives material support.à 1.3.3.3 Semantic collocation and change a) Semantic collocationà Fromkin, V., R.Rodman N.Hyams asserts that in English, a word may have different connotations when it is used to describe different sexes [6; 73-79]. For example: a.à He is imposing. b. She is imposing. Sentence a) means He is impressive and admirable. While sentence b could be interpreted to mean that She is disgusting and apathetic. When the sex changes, so does the meaning. Loose seems a neutral word for both male and female. But a loose woman reminds people of a woman considered being sexually promiscuous whereas a loose man just means a casual man. b) Semantic change Besides, words, which begin with either neutral or positive connotations over time, acquire negative implications and finally end up as sexual slurs. For example, the term hussy derives from Old English huswif (housewife), which means the female head of the house. The term gradually deteriorated to a rustic rude woman and finally comes to mean an indecent, impudent woman or prostitute [3; 78]. Strategies for Avoiding Sexism in English Language Any form of sexist language, whether on purpose or not, will probably stand off or offend some social member or group. Language and language use mirror social attitudes and stereotypes and bias. Along with the womens liberation movement, people began to realize the importance of the language reform and desexism becomes necessary. This evidence raises the question: Should sexist language be changed or avoided? The answer is definitely positive. In her early discussions of sexist language, Renshaw presents an article entitled Twenty-nine ways you can help eliminate sexism i Devon Vannhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04154182671415399799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6548919616700443915.post-7161603156396657942020-01-19T08:58:00.001-08:002020-01-19T08:58:04.367-08:00Coroperate Social ResponsibilityCorporate Social responsibility Introduction A few years ago firms only goal was to gain economic profit from their businesses. In recent times it has been discussions if economic profit are the only reason for businesses to exist (Kilotons 1991) In modern society the belief that businesses have responsibilities against the society they operate in have grown bigger, but there are still people and organizations who believe that gaining economic profit from their business are the only thing they have to be concerned about (Chant 2013).The purpose of this essay is to discuss and compare the different viewpoints of corporate social responsibility (hereafter referred to as CARS) and the key issue is to see why corporations and their management should be concerned with CARS. The paper will start by explaining what CARS is and how businesses can gain profit from applying CARS. Thereafter the counterargument, that business doesn't have any other responsibilities then gaining profit, will be presented. An example of good CARS-work will thereafter be demonstrated.The relationship between ethics in business will also be discussed. Different views of CARS There are many different definitions of what corporate social responsibility is but one ay to look at it is that corporate responsibility is used to describe the work that companies do voluntarily that has a positive impact on society, the environment or the economy (Shill, Apothecary ; Kansas 2010). CARS is supposed to help businesses to behave ethically and gain economic profit and at the same time helping to solve social issues (Chant 2013).Not only are CARS good for the society and the people in it but also for the stakeholders of the company. CARS can change stakeholders purchase behavior, employment seeking and also investment. Over mime CARS can also help the company to build a stronger brand and in that way also gain an economic profit (Shill, Apothecary ; Kansas 2010). In recent times a lot of critiques have been pointed to CARS. The counterargument meaner that business only responsibility against the society is to gain economic profit and only do what the business was created to do (Chant 2013).Many opponents against CARS say that businesses only should use their resources and engage in activities that are designed to increase profits so long as it stays within the law (Kilotons, 1991). Why corporate social responsibility? The question is if businesses and corporations have a social nature and responsibility or not? My own answer to this question is that businesses, in the modern society, is of social nature and have responsibilities against the society. Corporations and businesses are a big part of our society and what they do make a big impact on people, environment and also how other business act.I would like to compare it with people walking on the street and don't put their rubbish in the garbage bins. I believe that almost everyone thinks that it would be ethically wrong not to put t heir rubbish in the bins. If everyone throws their rubbish on the street the society and community would not have looked nice and people would care less about, in this case, the environment because no one else does. My point of view is that it reflection of the people in it and so are the corporations and business (Chant 2013).It's understandable that some corporations think it is unnecessary to implement CARS and that it only will cost them money that they won't get back. To demonstrate how businesses can gain economic advantages from CARS I will use a Swedish company ââ¬ËKEA. KEA is a big home decoration company that operates all over the world and ton is one of their most important raw materials. The company want all cotton used in their products to come from sustainable productions. By using the better cotton initiative they can help reduce environmental and social impacts.They have also proved that this initiative can help KEA to offer competitive priced products that satisf y customers' needs and also helps the company to reach one of their ambitions to provide responsibly sourced products (CARS: Sweden leads by example in corporate responsibility 2013) With that said, my point is that many companies have to look ore on the output they can gain from CARS and not so much on the input. Conclusion There are many ways of looking at and understand CARS and my point of view in this paper is that CARS is a good thing and that corporations and businesses can gain both social and economic profits from it.On the other hand it can be difficult to measure performance of CARS and to compare business with each other (Chant 2013). But maybe comparing and competitiveness is not necessary as in economical ways. Maybe CARS can be Just a question of good ethics, something as obvious as throwing rubbish in the garbage bin or pay your employees' salary in time. Is that a realistic goal? Probably not, because it takes that CARS belong to some sort of common sense if that's going to happen.The important thing for businesses to understand is that CARS should be a part of their business strategy and goal. The modern world is growing and businesses have to keep up with the changes in the environment around them. People are getting more knowledge about ethics and culture and that's why it's getting more important for businesses and their management to apply it in to their strategy. Maybe people are going to choose one supermarket in front of the other cause the first one didn't care about the ethical issues with food production. Devon Vannhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04154182671415399799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6548919616700443915.post-67551297509845868522020-01-11T05:22:00.001-08:002020-01-11T05:22:04.958-08:00Abigail Adams Chapter GuideHaley Young Dearest Friend: A Life of Abigail Adams Reading Journal Chapter 1: A Ministerââ¬â¢s Daughter * Abigail was born to Reverend William Smith and his wife Elizabeth in Weymouth parsonage in Massachusetts. * She has two sisters, Mary and Betsey. The main point of this chapter was to showcase the religious, family-oriented background that Abigail was raised in. It explains why she is so focused on her family and John later in her life. It also explains her penname ââ¬Å"Dianaâ⬠and her love for literature and being involved in politics, after being taught to read at a young age.Chapter 2: John * Abigail and John were married on October 25, 1764. The maim point of this chapter is to show the love developing between John and Abigail. The way they were not attracted to each other at first explains why they work together so well. They have different views on things so they balance each other out. Their love for each other also sets up their depression during their separati on later in their lives. Chapter 3: Wife and Mother * Abigail and John had six children: Abigail, John Quincy, Susanna, Charles, Thomas, and Elizabeth (stillborn).The main point of this chapter is to show the Adams family growing. Abigailââ¬â¢s deep connection to her kids at such a young age explains her sadness later on in her life when they are no longer with her, especially when her sons begin to leave home with their father to help with his politics and see the world. It also explains her connection to Nabby, since after Susanna and Elizabeth died young; Nabby was the only Adams daughter. Chapter 4: Politics * John elected representative to Massachusetts legislature, then later chosen as a delegate to the Continental Congress. Chapter 5: War Abigail had to raise her kids and deal with the family farm buy herself while John was away in Philadelphia. Chapter 6: Independence * Abigail used her influence over John to fight for womenââ¬â¢sââ¬â¢ rights and representation duri ng the drafting of the Constitution. * John was elected commissioner to France. Chapter 7: A Womanââ¬â¢s Sacrifice * While John was away in Europe, Abigail once again had to run her household on her own, which put her into a depression. Chapter 8: The Long Separation * After his commission to France, John was elected minister plenipotentiary which extended his stay in Europe.Chapter 9: Years of Decision * While John was in Europe, Abigail couldnââ¬â¢t decide whether or not to join him, but when he was commissioned to negotiate a treaty of commerce with Great Britain, she and Nabby decided to go and join him in Europe. * Nabby fell in love with Royall Tyler so the trip was also to see if their love would last. Chapter 10: Europe * Abigail liked London because of the class but disliked Paris because she thought it was dirty and the people were rude. * The servants did less in Europe, so it was more expensive to run a household ,which frustrated Abigail. John was then appointed m inister to London by congress. Chapter 11: ââ¬Å"The Ambassadressâ⬠* Abigail was overwhelmed by the wealth of the royal court in London. * She and John were not used to the expenses of clothing, servants, and hosting dinners for other dignitaries. This was made even worse by the low salary John was being paid by Congress. Chapter 12: A Homesick American * In London, Abigail continued to miss American and her easy-going life in the countryside because she felt confined in the city in London.Chapter 13: The Vice Presidentââ¬â¢s Lady * After Europe, Abigail was sure that she wanted her husband to continue his political career. * In March of 1779, John was elected Vice President, so the whole Adams family moved to New York to serve with George and Martha Washington, the new president and first lady. * Once again, like London, Abigail had many social obligations to fulfill as the second lady of the United States. * Congress then moved the capital city to Philadelphia, so once a gain the Adams family had to move.Chapter 14: An Interlude at Quincy * For Johnââ¬â¢s second term as Vice President, Abigail spent most of her time back in Braintree running the farm. * After her health scare while moving to Philadelphia, The Adams family didnââ¬â¢t want to risk her getting even more sick. * In 1796, George Washington announced he would not serve a third term as president, which made people speculate that John would succeed him. John would have to run against Thomas Jefferson in order to do so. Chapter 15: Mrs. President * Johnââ¬â¢s election made Abigail nervous.John was not as widely supported as Washington. * Abigail played a huge role in Johnââ¬â¢s presidency by expressing her opinions in politics, which was uncommon for a woman of the time. * While living in Philadelphia for Johnââ¬â¢s presidency, Abigail grew to enjoy the city. Chapter 16: ââ¬Å"The Federal Cityâ⬠: * When Johnââ¬â¢s political career ended, Abigail returned to Quincy to a busy home full of her family. * Abigail soon set out for Washington, the new capital city, but when John was not reelected, they both returned.Chapter 17: The Matriarch of Peacefield * With both John and Abigail back in Quincy, Abigail took right back to being the matriarch of the house and taking care of her numerous grandchildren. * Abigail enjoyed having her husband always with her, and helping to raise her small grandchildren while in retirement. Chapter 18: The Curtain Falls * On October 28, 1817, Abigail died after falling ill with typhoid fever, at age 73. * Abigail was able to die peacefully with most of her family around her. Devon Vannhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04154182671415399799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6548919616700443915.post-62353035810823418662020-01-03T01:46:00.001-08:002020-01-03T01:46:03.173-08:0010 Unique Animals of the Amazon River BasinDevon Vannhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04154182671415399799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6548919616700443915.post-37193400921370432282019-12-25T22:10:00.001-08:002019-12-25T22:10:03.861-08:00Apply Principles Of Diabetic Nursing Care Essay - 1621 Words Apply principles of Diabetic nursing care Anitha Kannan Assessment Task One Part A Terminology Discuss the following terms in at least fifty (50) words. a) Acromegaly (1mark) Acromegaly is a hormonal disorder that is caused by the manifestation of growth hormone (GH) by the pituitary gland occurring in adulthood usually from a benign tumour inside the gland. It is characterised by the gradual enlargement of the hands, feet, tongue and prominent features of the face with an enlarged lower jaw, bulging forehead and thickened ears and nose. It is a chronic disfiguring illness that often decreases life expectancy as it may lead to disease in the respiratory and cerebrovascular system (Koutoukidis, Stainton Hughson 2013, p. 809). b) Glucagonoma (1mark) Glucagonoma is a rare malignant tumour of the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets. It leads to an excess production of the glucagon hormone in the blood. It is characterised by a distinctive rash, diabetes, weight loss, stomatitis and hypoaminoacidemia (Goldman Schafer 2015, p. 101). c) Gluconeogenesis (1mark) Gluconeogenesis is the process in which the liver predominantly forms glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such as lactate, pyruvate, glycerol and amino acids, but can also occur to a smaller extent in the kidneys. It occurs when the carbohydrate source is not sufficient enough to meet the bodyââ¬â¢s energy requirements. This process is significant in maintaining blood glucose levels occurring during periods ofShow MoreRelatedPrevention Of Diabetic Complications Among Elderly1696 Words à |à 7 PagesPrevention Of Diabetic Complications Among Elderly Diabetic complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, peripheral neuropathy are directly linked to the geriatric depression scale (Floch, Doucet, Bauduceau Verny, 2014). 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Before treating any wound Devon Vannhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04154182671415399799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6548919616700443915.post-41167907769027911122019-12-17T18:00:00.001-08:002019-12-17T18:00:04.145-08:00Effects of a Non-Traditional Family on Children - 1745 Words Family helps mold every person into who they eventually will become. The family is a guide for the success of a childs future. The stability of family creates a building block for how the child will progress throughout life. When parents divorce, the children are left with no stability causing them to lose basic concepts of childhood that may carry with them throughout life. Children of divorced parents have less success and happiness creating less productive citizens in our nation. Watching parents take a home from a traditional family lifestyle to a broken home by getting a divorce is very devastating to a childs mental well-being. As Judith Seltzer notes, Recent reviews summarize evidence that children are emotionally distressedâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Society loses with the increase in depression by having success rates and production rates declining. Depression is not the only factor in a happiness and success, classroom participation of children also influences society an d its future. Children of divorce of all ages can see a change in their schoolwork. Most children see a decline in participation and see their grades slipping. Some young girls, however, tend to do more and become the goody two shoes of the class to feel a sense of belonging (Lytle 11). Seltzer believes, Childrens school behavior and achievementÃâ¦suffer, and these disadvantages may have long-term effects, reducing rates of high school graduation and years of schooling completed(238). She supports her claim with statistics from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth stating, [a]bout 29% of children from single-parent households drop out, compared to 13% of children from households with both original parentsÃ⦠(Seltzer 239). Long-term effects are not the only concern of researchers. There are many other factors that may turn into long-term effects but are mainly short-term factors. Anger and anxiety affect children more than most people realize. As Victoria Lytle assesses, Yo ull find a rise in aggression on the playground, minor delinquencies, and difficulties in learning among boys [nine or ten years old] (11). Lytle also addresses problems with attention spans by remarking that [k]ids of divorceShow MoreRelated Effects Of A Non-Traditional Family On Children Essay1735 Words à |à 7 Pages A family helps mold each person into who they eventually will become. The family is a guide for the success of a childs future. 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Answer: Introduction Status asthmaticus is a severe form of prolonged asthma attack that makes people fail to respond to usual treatment methods. Asthma is a chronic lung disease where the respiratory airways become narrow and inflamed (Pawankar et al. 2012). The case study reports an incident of acute asthma attack on a patient Ms. Elise Wattle and he treatment upon admission to the emergency department. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with the lungs and the airways. It affects more than 300 million people worldwide, belonging to all age groups (Ferkol and Schraufnagel 2014). It develops due to inflammation and swelling of the airways that obstructs airflow and leads to the production of thick and sticky mucus from the airways. The muscles in and around the passage constrict and this in turn reduces the diameter of the airways (Niimi et al. 2013). The most common symptoms of asthma are shortness of breath, wheezing sounds, chest tightness and cough particularly during early morning or at night. These symptoms arise due to airflow obstruction that can be reversed if a patient is subjected to proper treatment. Environmental factors like exposure to several allergens like pollen, dust and dander from dogs and cats increase incidence of asthma. Other irritants that can cause asthma are exhaust fumes from automobiles, chemicals, molds, tobacco smoke, stress and medicat ions like beta blockers and aspirin (Bisgaard, Jensen and Bnnelykke 2012). Elises condition progressed to status asthmaticus. Such acute asthma attacks can occur when the symptoms worsen over time due to bronchospasm or muscle tightening around the airways (Papaiwannou et al. 2014). Thicker mucus will be secreted and the inner lining of the airways will get more inflamed. The symptoms of acute asthma attack are severe wheezing or squeaking sound, continuous coughing, rapid breathing, retractions or tightened chest and neck muscles, difficulty in conversing, anxiety or panic attacks, sweaty face and finger nails turning blue. Airflow limitation occurs due to bronchoconstriction, edema in the airways, hypersecretion of mucus and hyper-responsiveness in bronchi. The symptom related to problems in conversing is demonstrated by the fact that Elise was able to speak in sentences. However, her condition gradually worsened over time and she could barely speak short phrases. The wheezing symptoms are quite audible, which depicts the build-up of mucus in her bronchial tubes. During the acute asthmatic attack, the bronchial airways become smaller. This is responsible for the sounds that were heard when Elise spoke. The dyspnoeic symptoms observed in the patient are due to a deficit formed between breathing demands of her body and the ability of her respiratory system to fulfill the demands. Persistent cough may be the effect of constriction in her breathing tubes. Upon admission to the emergency department, Elise was kept at high Fowlers position to facilitate easy breathing and expansion of her chest cavity. This position allows optimal diaphragm expansion and reduces shortness of breath. However, Elise continued to cough and did not show any improvements. Her blood pressure was found to be 150/90 mm Hg, which indicated stage 1 hypertension (Hoeper et al. 2013). The normal blood pressure in an adult is 120/80 mm Hg. If the readings vary between 140/90-150/99, it signifies that the blood is flowing with a higher force inside the arteries. It can lead to dizziness and will make the patient at an increased risk on the spectrum of cardiovascular diseases (coronary heart disease, stroke, and congestive heart failure), renal failure and vision impairment (Busse et al. 2012). Her pulse was found to be 126 bpm. This pulse rate is considered higher than the normal levels of 60-100 in an adult. Such elevated pulse rates are referred to as tachycardia. It occurs when the heart pumps blood at a faster rate that leads to inefficient circulation of blood to the body parts. When Elise experienced an acute asthmatic attack, there was deficiency of oxygen in her body cells. Her breathlessness made it difficult for the blood to receive enough oxygen. Thus, her heart started to pump rapidly in an effort to meet the oxygen demand and this gave rise to an increased pulse. Psychological factors may also be responsible for this increased pulse rate. An acute asthmatic attack often leads to panic and anxiety. That increases the heart rate and thereby elevates the pulse. Her respiration was shallow and 30. At rest the normal breathing rate in adults is 8-16 per minute. Elise exhibited a high respiratory rate, which is generally denoted by the term tachypnea. Minimal air was drawn into the lungs by the action of intercostal muscles. The asthmatic condition of the patient is the principal reason for this vital sign. Moreover, shortness of breath and rapid pulse elevated her respiration rate (Vestbo et al. 2013). Normal human body temperature is around 37C and Elise did not show much variation (37.3C). This is due to the fact that asthma generally does not lead to chills, fever and muscle ache. Her pulse oximeter readings were 92%. An oxygen saturation level beyond 95% is considered normal. A reduction in her oxygen levels suggested oxygen deficiency in her arterial blood, which occurred as a result of breathing difficulty. Elevated levels of IgE and eosinophils in sputum and blood tests revealed persistent allergy. Allergens are a major cause of asthma . Her high IgE levels indicated that she is exposed to more than one allergy. This proves that hypersensitivity to local allergens and increase in serum IgE are associated with her symptoms of asthmatic attack and wheezing. Several research studies show that an increase in the number of eosinophils, correlate with severity of asthmatic attacks (Korevaar et al. 2015). Eosinophils and neutrophils lead to cellular inflammation of the bronchi passages. When these white blood cells reach the airways, they release chemical contents that cause airway inflammation and blockage of the nasal passage and sinuses. Thus, the increased level of eosinophil in the patient triggered exposure to asthmatic symptoms. Her ABG results showed a pH of 7.49, which is more than the normal range of 7.35-7.45. Her pCO2 is 22 mg Hg ( normal range of 35-45 mm Hg). This suggests likely presence of alkalosis or alkalemia condition in her body due to probable reduction of concentration of hydrogen ions. Her condition suggests respiratory alkalosis that might have occurred due to hyperventilation and may lead to a loss of carbon dioxide. Moreover, the pO2 levels are found to be 74 mm Hg ( normal range of 80-100 mm Hg). This low pO2 level suggests that the lungs are not effective in pulling oxygen gas into the blood stream. This occurred due to her asthmatic attacks that are a form of chronic pulmonary disease. Her HCO3 levels were 22 mEq/L, which shows compliance with the normal range of 22-26 m Eq/L. This does not provide any evidence for the presence of primary metabolic disorders in her system. Normal blood sugar levels range between 4.0-6.0 mmol/L during fasting and upto 7.8 mmol/L, 2 hours post eating. Elises serum glucose levels were 5.0mmol/L, within the normal range that suggests she is non-diabetic. Her blood urea nitrogen levels are 6.2 mmol/L that falls in the normal range of 2.5-7.1 mol/L. Normal serum creatinine levels for women are 45-90 mol/L. Her creatinine levels fall in this range. Thus, it can be deciphered that her liver and kidneys are functioning properly (Brisco et al. 2013). The serum sodium and potassium levels were 136 mEg/L and 4.5 mEg/L that fall within the normal ranges of 135-145 mEg/L and 3.5-5.0 mEg/L respectively. Her normal sodium levels indicate that she is not suffering from hypernatremia or hyponatremia and has normal electrolyte balance in her body (Sahan et al. 2013). Potassium levels within normal range show that her muscles are working properly and there is no occurrence of hyperkalemia condition (Raimondi et al. 2013). Her RBC, WBC and platelet count falls within the normal range of 3.6-5.0 millio/mm3, 5000-10,000/mm3 and 200,000-500,000/mm3 respectively. Normal haematocrit level ranges from 34.9-44.5% for women. A count of 34.7% in Elise shows little deviation which is of little significance. The pulse oximeter reading of 85% provides evidence for supplemental oxygen needs. The pH reading of 7.32 suggests presence of acidosis. pCo2 level of 60 mm Hg indicates respiratory acidosis, which probably occurred due to hypoventilation caused by the asthmatic attacks (Ionescu 2013). For a 10 unit increase in pCO2, the amount of HCO3 rises by 4 mmol/L. Elises HCO3 level of 27 supports this fact. A low pO2 level of 55 mm Hg represents a reduction in the amount of oxygen levels in the inhaled air. It also supports the occurrence of severe pulmonary disease that leads to blockage of the respiratory airways. Abnormalities in lung functioning are detected by spirometry tests that use 2 measurements, FVC (forced vital capacity) and FEV1 (forced expiratory volume one second). The normal range of FEV1/FVC is equal to or more than 70%. A mild abnormali ty of 65% means that the patients lungs are unable to fill air to their normal capacity and are caused due to decrease in the airflow. This has occurred due to the presence of obstructive lung disease. 5 mg salbutamol is administered to the patient through a nebulizer owing to its bronchodilator properties. Salbutamol is a drug that stimulates the 2 adrenergic receptors in the smooth muscles of the bronchi. Upon stimulation, these receptors activate the adenyl cyclase enzyme to form cyclic AMP form ATP. Increased cyclic AMP leads to relaxation of the bronchial smooth muscles and reduces the blockage in airways (Patel et al. 2013). Furthermore, it leads to inhibition of histamine, mast cell and leukotreine release in the airways. Nasal prongs are used to deliver supplemental oxygen to Elise to increase the airflow in her lungs. It will help to deliver oxygen at a concentration of 22-50% flow rate for 1-6 L/min. Magnesium sulphate used in the nebulizer acts as an inhibitor of smooth muscle contraction and reduces the release of histamine and acetylcholine. It therefore functions as a bronchodilator, opens the airways and reduces inflammation of the respiratory passages (Torres et al. 2012). Dose of 500 mcg ipratropium bromide is given to control shortness of breath and wheezing symptoms reported by Elise. This is used in combination with salbutamol to reduce congestion of the respiratory tract and prevent further worsening of symptoms of obstructive pulmonary diseases (Short et al. 2013). Venturi mask was used to deliver specific oxygen concentration in her blood. A 6 hourly administration of hydrocortisone is administered based on its property of reducing inflammation of the bronchial tubes (Short et al. 2012). This is a systemic corticosteroid that controls narrowing of the airways and decreases the amount of mucus formed. Thus, breathing gets facilitated. Administration of adrenaline with 5% dextrose is followed based on their bronchodilator effects. Adrenaline reduces bronchospasms that opens the airways and allows better airflow through the lungs. It also reverses any kind of allergic reaction in the body that may have led to the development of asthma. IV drip of 5% dextrose is given to compensate for the excess loss of water from the lungs (Sellers 2012). Dextrose administration helps in augmenting fluid loss and reduces the tenacity and thickness of the sputum. It helps in adequate hydration of the patient and in restoring the electrolyte balance in the body (Albertson, Sutter and Chan 2015). If salbutamol exceeds the prescribed dose, it can lead to uneven heart beat, hypokalaemia (low potassium levels), muscle cramps, dryness of mouth, headache and dizziness. Potential side effects of magnesium sulphate include hypotension, flushing, anxiety, muscle tightness, dizziness and irregular heart beat (Vasquez et al. 2014). Side effects of ipratropium and hydrocortisone include sedation, dryness of mouth, skin flushing, nausea, glaucoma, tachycardia and palpitations (Coondoo et al. 2014). Administration of ipratropium through a nebulizer often leads to urinary retention among patients. Salbutamol can interact with other bronchodilators and show severe effects on the cardiovascular and nervous system. Dietary components that include caffeine can interact with salbutamol and cause excitability in the patient (Skidmore-Roth 2013). Interaction of the bronchodilators with grilled meat can lead to unmanageable asthmatic attacks. Conclusion Thus, from the above case study it can be deciphered that Elise Wattle suffered from an asthmatic attack following which she was admitted to the hospital. When her condition worsened, the ABG levels showed huge deviations from the normal values indicating that there was less supply of oxygen in her blood stream due to blockage of the airways. She was given proper medications of bronchodilators and her fluid balance was also restored. On reaching a stable condition, she was transferred to the ICU. Thus, it can be concluded that the medications worked well to relieve her asthmatic symptoms. References Albertson, T.E., Sutter, M.E. and Chan, A.L., 2015. The acute management of asthma.Clinical reviews in allergy immunology,48(1), pp.114-125. Bisgaard, H., Jensen, S.M. and Bnnelykke, K., 2012. Interaction between asthma and lung function growth in early life.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine,185(11), pp.1183-1189. Brisco, M.A., Coca, S.G., Chen, J., Owens, A.T., McCauley, B.D., Kimmel, S.E. and Testani, J.M., 2013. The Blood Urea Nitrogen to Creatinine Ratio Identifies a High Risk but Potentially Reversible Form of Renal Dysfunction in Patients with Decompensated Heart Failure.Circulation: Heart Failure, pp.CIRCHEARTFAILURE-112. Busse, W.W., Morgan, W.J., Taggart, V. and Togias, A., 2012. Asthma outcomes workshop: overview.Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology,129(3), pp.S1-S8. Coondoo, A., Phiske, M., Verma, S. and Lahiri, K., 2014. Side-effects of topical steroids: A long overdue revisit.Indian dermatology online journal,5(4), p.416. Ferkol, T. and Schraufnagel, D., 2014. The global burden of respiratory disease.Annals of the American Thoracic Society,11(3), pp.404-406. Hoeper, M.M., Bogaard, H.J., Condliffe, R., Frantz, R., Khanna, D., Kurzyna, M., Langleben, D., Manes, A., Satoh, T., Torres, F. and Wilkins, M.R., 2013. Definitions and diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension.Journal of the American College of Cardiology,62(25 Supplement), pp.D42-D50. Ionescu, C.M., 2013. The human respiratory system. InThe Human Respiratory System(pp. 13-22). Springer London. Korevaar, D.A., Westerhof, G.A., Wang, J., Cohen, J.F., Spijker, R., Sterk, P.J., Bel, E.H. and Bossuyt, P.M., 2015. Diagnostic accuracy of minimally invasive markers for detection of airway eosinophilia in asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Lancet Respiratory Medicine,3(4), pp.290-300. Niimi, A., Ohbayashi, H., Sagara, H., Yamauchi, K., Akiyama, K., Takahashi, K., Inoue, H., Wakayama, T., Kobayashi, H., Hasegawa, M. and Kimura, G., 2013. Cough variant and cough-predominant asthma are major causes of persistent cough: a multicenter study in Japan.Journal of Asthma,50(9), pp.932-937. Papaiwannou, A., Zarogoulidis, P., Porpodis, K., Spyratos, D., Kioumis, I., Pitsiou, G., Pataka, A., Tsakiridis, K., Arikas, S., Mpakas, A. and Tsiouda, T., 2014. Asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap syndrome (ACOS): current literature review.Journal of thoracic disease,6(Suppl 1), p.S146. Patel, M., Pilcher, J., Reddel, H.K., Pritchard, A., Corin, A., Helm, C., Tofield, C., Shaw, D., Black, P., Weatherall, M. and Beasley, R., 2013. Metrics of salbutamol use as predictors of future adverse outcomes in asthma.Clinical Experimental Allergy,43(10), pp.1144-1151. Pawankar, R., Canonica, G.W., Holgate, S.T. and Lockey, R.F., 2012. Allergic diseases and asthma: a major global health concern.Current opinion in allergy and clinical immunology,12(1), pp.39-41. Raimondi, G.A., Gonzalez, S., Zaltsman, J., Menga, G. and Adrogu, H.J., 2013. Acidbase patterns in acute severe asthma.Journal of asthma,50(10), pp.1062-1068. Sahan, M., Y?lmaz, M., Gokel, Y., Erden, E.S. and Karakus, A., 2013. Nebulized salbutamol for asthma: Effects on serum potassium and phosphate levels at the 60min.Revista portuguesa de pneumologia,19(5), pp.200-203. Sellers, W.F.S., 2012. Inhaled and intravenous treatment in acute severe and life-threatening asthma.British journal of anaesthesia,110(2), pp.183-190. Short, P.M., Williamson, P.A. and Lipworth, B.J., 2012. Effects of hydrocortisone on acute ?adrenoceptor blocker and histamine induced bronchoconstriction.British journal of clinical pharmacology,73(5), pp.717-726. Short, P.M., Williamson, P.A., Anderson, W.J. and Lipworth, B.J., 2013. Randomized placebo-controlled trial to evaluate chronic dosing effects of propranolol in asthma.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine,187(12), pp.1308-1314. Skidmore-Roth, L., 2013.Mosby's 2014 nursing drug reference. Elsevier Health Sciences. Torres, S., Sticco, N., Bosch, J.J., Iolster, T., Siaba, A., Rocca, R.M. and Schnitzler, E., 2012. Effectiveness of magnesium sulfate as initial treatment of acute severe asthma in children, conducted in a tertiary-level university hospital: a randomized, controlled trial.Archivos argentinos de pediatria,110(4), pp.291-296. Vasquez, M.I., Lambrianides, A., Schneider, M., Kmmerer, K. and Fatta-Kassinos, D., 2014. Environmental side effects of pharmaceutical cocktails: what we know and what we should know.Journal of hazardous materials,279, pp.169-189. Vestbo, J., Hurd, S.S., Agust, A.G., Jones, P.W., Vogelmeier, C., Anzueto, A., Barnes, P.J., Fabbri, L.M., Martinez, F.J., Nishimura, M. and Stockley, R.A., 2013. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine,187(4), pp.347-365. Devon Vannhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04154182671415399799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6548919616700443915.post-27647211240143975182019-12-02T02:25:00.001-08:002019-12-02T02:25:02.828-08:00Notional learning package free essay sample TitleThe Right Way to Receive Phone Calls Source Underline as appropriate English Central/ YouTube/ Website http:// http://zh. englishcentral. com/video/13571/the-right-way-to-receive-phone-calls Part 1 (~ 50 words)This video can let me know how to receive the phone in a right way. Before watching it, I only in the same tone to receive any kind of phone. I wouldnââ¬â¢t have any change of my tone. Now I will change of my tone in different of people. Part 2 3 (~ 100 words) When we receive the phone call. The tone we need to have a change,. The first image is very important for the caller. We need to have a smile tone the sound need to higher than before. It will give a good image for the caller. Also, we need to receive after two to three times of the phone. Thatââ¬â¢s a polite attitude for each others. A right tone is useful in every kind of situation After watching this video ,I can learn for how to receive. We will write a custom essay sample on Notional learning package or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Part C My Glossary (1) Vocabularypromptly Source Underline as appropriatehttp://hk. dictionary. yahoo. com/dictionary? p=promptly Online Examples He promptly forgot all about it . My sentenceAfter receive the phone call, he go out promptly. My Glossary (2) Vocabularypresent Source Underline as appropriatehttp://hk. dictionary. yahoo. com/dictionary? p=present Online Examples Slippery floors in the work area present a hazard to employees . My sentence Today I need to present the project of what I have learn before. My Glossary (3) Vocabularyimmediately Source Underline as appropriatehttp://hk. dictionary. yahoo. com/dictionary? p=immediately Online Examples Cook the mixture for ten minutes and serve immediately . My sentence Peterââ¬â¢s mother said ââ¬Å" Peter go to finish your homework immediately! â⬠My Glossary (4) Vocabularyessential Source Underline as appropriatehttp://hk. dictionary. yahoo. com/dictionary? p=essential Online Examples If you re going walking in the mountains , strong boots are essential . My sentenceIt is essential for you to join in this event. Devon Vannhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04154182671415399799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6548919616700443915.post-27691597969174534212019-11-26T21:53:00.001-08:002019-11-26T21:53:03.824-08:00My University Day Another drowsy Wednesday morning, we found outMy University Day Another drowsy Wednesday morning, we found out My University Day Another drowsy Wednesday morning, we found out our seats and sat down. It is funny to see everyone with a blank face after they were pulled from the sweet beds. Here came BringÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃâ¢s voice: ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃÅ"Gosh! How I miss my bed! AhÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬Ãâà ¦ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬Ãâà -SheÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃâ¢s yawning, and made everyone near her do the same thing.ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃÅ"LingÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬Ãâà ¦.ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬Ãâà The bell rang. Just at that time, Mr. Wang, our translation teacher came in. ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃÅ"Hey,ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬Ãâà my deskmate murmured, ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃÅ"our teachers are never late for class, but never early for class too.ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬Ãâà ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃÅ"Yes, but better than we are, arenÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃâ¢t they?ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬Ãâà I replied. ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃÅ"How come?ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬Ãâà I sm iled: ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃÅ" See, here is the answer.ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬Ãâà Several boy students rushed in and said sorry for their being late. ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃÅ"Because we are never early for class, but always late for it.ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬Ãâà I said.Mr. Wang put out a heap of handouts and this action brought in a moment of chaos. Too much translation to do?! ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃÅ"DonÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃâ¢t worry, weÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃâ¢ll finish it in class.ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬Ãâà Then a long, boring course was ready to begin.But before that there was an interesting call-over time. University teachers seldom do this, especially the male teachers. But today it is an exception! ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃÅ"Call my name, call my name.ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬Ãâà We always relate to this song when the call-over happens. ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃÅ"Ways? Where is Ways? Absent?ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬Ãâà ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃÅ"Sick.ÃÆ'à ¢Ã âÃâ¬Ãâà -A boy, WaysÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃ⢠roommate replied. ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃÅ"Really? Oh, I see.ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬Ãâà A smile flashed on Mr. WangÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃâ¢s face and he made a note on WaysÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃ⢠name. ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃÅ"Okay, next. Billy? WhereÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃâ¢s Billy?ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬Ãâà ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃÅ"SickÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬Ãâà -All of us, boys and girls, replied together and it made ourselves laugh out at the same time. ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃÅ"Ah, I see.ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬Ãâà Mr. Wang repeated the words automatically.With no doubt, that was a best way to wake my brain up. I tried my best to listen to the teacher but from time to time my attention was distracted by the dream I had dreamed of last night. Mr. WangÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃâ¢s hypnotic voice could always make us all back to the wonderful dreams. Some of my classmates began to nod their heads, and then bent their backs, ready to put their faces on the desks. But it seemed that they were also struggling to pull their back straight again. After several ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃÅ"noddingsÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬Ãâà , they surrendered totally and their faces were glued on the desks again. It reminded me of the days in highschool. When anyone of us was sleepy on the physics course, the young teacher who was also our best friends would throw a piece of chalk to his head, and then he would ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃÅ"apologizeÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬Ãâà : ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃÅ"Oh, sorry, my chalk gets drunk.ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬Ãâà Then we burst out laughs and were waked up again. But it seems impossible for the university teachers to do so, and they donÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃâ¢t care even if you sleep in their classes. ItÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃâ¢s not polite to sleep in class, so I always struggle with my eyelids in case they would close up out of my control. And luckily most of the times I win them over.But winning over the eyelids doesnÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃâ¢t mean I can beat the boredom down. When there was a time that we need some fresh air out of the classroom, the best choice (or the best excuse) is to go to the washroom. Men would go there for a cigarette to give themselves a lift. Girls would go there, standing in front of the mirror and combing their hair. ItÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃâ¢s a way to refresh ourselves.Sometimes this method is not available. After the long, boring translation course was over, there came the class of international trade practice. Miss Huang would ban all of us go out of the classroom during the class time. I hate this regulation. And most of us donÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃâ¢t like her very much not only for her unreasonable rule, but also because of her strong ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃÅ"ChinglishÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬Ãâà (Chinese English) accent, and that pronunciation is awful! I will show you how. Miss Huang always pronounces the word ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃÅ"againÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬Ãâà as ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃÅ"agunÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬Ãâà , and then we made this word ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃÅ"agunÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬Ãâà as her nickname. Hard to imagine that how university students are sometimes as mischievous as the primary school pupils. We also share the same things with the primary pupils. When we were still little boys and girls, we got out a conclusion that if we donÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃâ¢t like a teacher, hence we show no interests in the course he gives. This ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃÅ"theoryÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬Ãâà also works in our university days. Shame on us: Most of us did a not-so-good job in the final exam on international trade practice. But I always tell myself IÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃâ¢m learning for myself, not for anyone else, and whatÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃâ¢s more, IÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃâ¢m a university student now! So I should be much more mature than I was in the elementary school. If now the ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃÅ"theoryÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬Ãâà still works on me, I should feel ashamed. Actually I did feel ashamed.But when we meet with some interesting courses, there is another totally different story. In the afternoon of the same day, we like to attend Miss KangÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃâ¢s course, because she just behaves like our peer although sheÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃâ¢s now more than 30 years old. She entered the classroom like an easy breeze, dressed with casual wears. Her voice was so magical that it could attract our attention without effort. In her class she never made her students bored, and we seldom feel stressful and therefore we expressed ourselves freely. We talked about life, thoughts, dreams, hobbies, and she would exchange her special experiences with us. She knows our hearts: As university students, we long for having the teachers or professors with their own individu alized personality, because we have already been educated in a theoretical, monotonous way during the past 12 years, before we enter the university. As generation-X, we are interested in everything new and stylish, and we are apt to accept them. We are seeking for knowledge and also we are eager to have a different way of life. We need the teachers who can understand us well instead of the stereotyped ones.We feel so lucky that we are in a university for language studying. ItÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃâ¢s an amazing experience because we have the chance to learn a second foreign language. The last course in Wednesday is one of my most favorite. They say girls, especially girls who learn language and literature are as romantic as a rose. I canÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃâ¢t agree more. In the second foreign language learning, we would choose a special sentence as a starting point. Even the teacher knows the ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃÅ"conventionÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬Ãâà well, so when h e gave us the first course he put ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃÅ"Je tÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃâ¢aimeÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬Ãâà on the blackboard and then told us:ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬Ãâà DonÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃâ¢t ask me how to speak ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃË I love youÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃ⢠in France. IÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃâ¢ve already told you.ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬Ãâà Yes, that is our ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃÅ"starting pointÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬Ãâà . Then at the night girls would gather together and tell others how to pronounce ÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃÅ"I love youÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬Ãâà in different languages:in Japanese, in German, in Spainish, in Russian, in KoreanÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬Ãâà ¦ Before I fall asleep at night, I always recollect what IÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃâ¢ve done in the daytime. Did I do something good or bad? Do I satisfy with the whole day? if not, itÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃâ¢s ok, because tomorrow is another day! It will be better, IÃÆ'à ¢ÃâÃâ¬ÃâÃâ¢m sure. Devon Vannhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04154182671415399799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6548919616700443915.post-14863441700420248312019-11-23T05:27:00.001-08:002019-11-23T05:27:05.228-08:00A Brief History of Seat BeltsA Brief History of Seat Belts The first U.S. patent for automobile seat belts was issued to Edward J. Claghorn of New York, New York on February 10, 1885. Claghorn was granted United States Patent #312,085 for a Safety-Belt for tourists, described in the patent as designed to be applied to the person, and provided with hooks and other attachments for securing the person to a fixed object. Nils Bohlin Modern Seat Belts Swedish inventor, Nils Bohlin invented the three-point seat belt - not the first but the modern seat belt - now a standard safety device in most cars. Nils Bohlins lap-and-shoulder belt was introduced by Volvo in 1959. Seat Belt Terminology 2-Point Seat Belt: A restraint system with two attachment points. A lap belt.3-Point Seat Belt: A seat belt with both a lap and a shoulder portion, having three attachment points (one shoulder, two hips).Lap Belt: A seat belt anchored at two points, for use across the occupants thighs/hips.Lap/Shoulder Belt: A seat belt that is anchored at three points and restrains the occupant at the hips and across the shoulder; also called a combination belt. Car Seats - Child Restraints The first child car seats were invented in 1921, following the introduction of the Henry Fords Model T, however, they were very different from todays car seat. The earliest versions were essentially sacks with a drawstring attached to the back seat. In 1978, Tennessee became the first American State to require child safety seat use. Devon Vannhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04154182671415399799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6548919616700443915.post-29975604494624318052019-11-21T04:17:00.001-08:002019-11-21T04:17:08.365-08:00MODIGLIANI AND MILLERS ADVICE ON DEBTS IGNORED BY COMPANIES Essay - 1MODIGLIANI AND MILLERS ADVICE ON DEBTS IGNORED BY COMPANIES - Essay Example Considering the setting of a perfect market, with the absence of frictions, a seminal research conducted by Modigliani and Miller in 1958 proposed that the value of an organizationââ¬â¢s market tends to operate in independence of such an organizationââ¬â¢s capital structure. The argument by Modigliani and Miller had the essence, adding on the value of debt tends to lower the value of any outstanding capital (equity). Firmââ¬â¢s gain realized by utilizing more of the so seemed cheaper debt will be offset through the implementation of a higher costing policy of the adopted riskier equity. Therefore, considering a fixed value of total equity, the capital allocation between equity and debt will thus be irrelevant since the two capital costsââ¬â¢ weighted average will be of the same amount regardless of any possible combination of the two capital costs2. Unfortunately, no corporation operates in a perfect business world; few if any, are debt financed 100%. Since the realizatio n of the winning paper by Modigliani and Miller, a number of potential explanations regarding the applicability of certain financial structures have emerged, revolving around a number of elements such as the role of taxes, the default cost, credit rationing, equity dilution, and agency costs, while including goals by sponsors and management, yet such goals tend to differ from each other. Another suggestion by Modigliani and Miller is that organizations maintain a capacity of a borrowing reserve in order to accommodate instances of economic uncertainty. It is, therefore, essential to investigate each of the potential inefficiencies mentioned in the prior discussion. Regarding the impact of Taxes, Modigliani and Miller present assumptions which portray obvious violations on the deductibility of payments of interest, and tax as well as corporate taxes. Often, payments on interest committed to debtholders are part of the deductions exercised from corporate revenues before the taxation o f such revenues. Consequently, the retained corporate tax plays the role of a subsidy upon interest payments. On the other hand, if the income paid out is in the form of a dividend to stockholders, such an income will undergo double taxation. The initial taxation happens at the level of corporate through corporate taxes, while the subsequent taxation will be exerted on income tax upon holders of equity. Therefore, a corporation striving to reduce taxes while intending to maximize the incomes available to respective investors should, therefore, supports itself financially, entirely through debt3. Default Costs refer to costs associated with distresses of finances, and, more certainly, bankruptcy. Default costs help in keeping the firm from giving large amounts of debt in comparison to the firmââ¬â¢s amount of underlying financing equity. There are two forms of default costs; can either be implicit or explicit. Explicit default costs cover the payments committed to accountants, law yers, as well as other professionals who advise the firm in instances of liquidation and bankruptcy, or while filling protection forms. Explicit costs can portray an essential fraction of total assets of the corporation. Such fractions are committed to investors during bankruptcy. Additionally, it is essential for corporations to take into consideration, the indirect costs associated with the financial distress incurred when a firm approaches bankruptcy or even Devon Vannhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04154182671415399799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6548919616700443915.post-16617588647184486702019-11-19T18:46:00.001-08:002019-11-19T18:46:03.883-08:00Frustration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 wordsFrustration - Essay Example The discussion in this paper is intended to be inclined to the case AS v Wijsmuller BV (The Super Servant Two), [1989] EWCA Civ 6, [1990]. The doctrine of Frustration under the contract law intends to reveal a number of propositions contextualized in the case AS v Wijsmuller BV. Some of these propositions include evolving to ease the rigor of the common lawââ¬â¢s avowal on factual performance of unlimited promises, outcome of frustration to end the contract and an event must occur without a liability on the side of the party seeking to depend on it2. The Purpose of this paper is to analyze the statement ââ¬Å"Since the consequence of frustration is to eradicate the contract and eject the parties from supplementary burden under it, the doctrine is not to be unconscientiously invoked, but must be kept inside much contracted limits and ought not to be unmitigatedâ⬠. The discussion in this paper is intended to be inclined to the case AS v Wijsmuller BV The doctrine of frustratio n exhibits complexity when determining the cases in this context3. Some of the examples of frustration include destruction of the specific object, which is fundamental for execution of the contract, personal incapability, and non-occurrence of a particular event, state interference, delay and supervening illegality4. For the case of the AS v Wijsmuller BV (The Super Servant Two), [1989] EWCA Civ 6, [1990], the aspect of frustration is inclined to personal incapability, destruction of the specific object and supervening an illegality5. This case remains one of the landmark rulings in the history of contract law practice. The aspect of liability when considering the frustration doctrine creates a concern of narrow limits because of numerous reasons. For instance, the express provision for frustration is limited to the scope of not superseding over the express contractual provision for the exasperating occurrence. In fact, it becomes difficult to ascertain the extent of a frustrating e vent, particularly when its occurrence is inclined to the self-inducement and foreseeability of the event6. In essence, the narrow limits of the frustrating events should be a fundamental consideration in the endeavor to minimize the extent of frustration effects. This study reveals that the effects of contract frustration can only remain relevant if the doctrine is applicable. The aspect of causation forms the epicenter of argument in this case. It is notable that, the contract undergoes frustration when Wijsmuller submitted a fortnight later that, the contact could not be performed. The question of causation is evident and any judge would consider a case in which a seller is in a position to aver the defense of a clause, which defends him in situations where fulfillment is stalled by the exempt threat7. The consequent delivery of his accessible stock to other clientele will not be considered as autonomous cause of inadequacy, as long as when making such delivery the seller acted i n a reasonable manner in all situations of the case. This consideration should be kept within narrow limits to avoid unwarranted liability. Considering that, Dan King contract had been accorded carriage by Super Servant Two without a substitute and in the event that, the vessel had been lost before the time of carriage, then with ultimate assumption of non- negligence by Wijsmuller, it is probable that, the con Devon Vannhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04154182671415399799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6548919616700443915.post-59229712575777578852019-11-17T07:18:00.001-08:002019-11-17T07:18:08.976-08:00Learning Skills Improvement Service Essay Example for Free Learning Skills Improvement Service Essay In my position as a workshop trainer at Deerbolt young offendersââ¬â¢ institute, the education I deliver for The Manchester College as part of their Offender Learning is supported, monitored and shaped by various professional bodies. The purpose of these bodies or sector skills councils vary however they all have a common goal in ensuring and enriching the quality of education being delivered. LSIS or the learning and skills improvement service are such a body who umbrella over every organisation that delivers qualifications throughout the country, and they do exactly what they say on the tin. LSIS improve quality, participation and increase standards in education and training. A lot of their work involves developing resources, implementing schemes, sharing delivery aids that improve quality and achievement and tailoring support to learners needs. ââ¬Å"Colleges and providers helped by LSIS improved by one inspection grade at their next inspection.â⬠(LSIS [ND] [online]) LSIS donââ¬â¢t just support the educational improvements though; in 2010 they recognised The Manchester College as a Healthy FE college, healthy initiatives offered throughout the college like loyalty cards, gym memberships and better eating schemes aimed to improve the health of students and staff. Another group that oversee our work as teachers is the professional body the IFL or the Institute for Learning. Their role is to register everyone practicing as a teacher or trainer in FE on to their database. They promote themselves as supporting professional excellence; they aim to increase the status of teachers as professionals, requiring a membership fee and proof of qualifications which is supported by the employer. They also champion the importance of CPD and require members to provide evidence of this and their teaching hours each year. This is seen to keep standards of teaching high, and promote quality and teaching as a profession. Until very recently this is how the IFL worked but due to the loss in government funding and teachers reluctantly to pay their own subscription the number of people renewing their subscription to the IFL fell by over half to just 85,000 signalling a loss of confidence in the body and an end to its presences. For many teachers and trainers in FE it was seen as a welcomed downfall as many believed the IFL did nothing for them, however now this professional body has collapsed there is no one regulating the qualifications or standard required to teach in FE which may lead to competiveness for jobs and or poor standards of teaching and training. These developments seemingly leave only Ofsted in place to assess the quality and standards of colleges and the individual teachers. ââ¬Å"Ofsted would be made responsible for ensuring that FE teachers were appropriately qualified through inspectionsâ⬠(TES [30/03/2012] [Online]) However I see a huge flaw in this method of assessing quality and knowledge, not every Ofsted inspector can have the depth in knowledge of every subject of every teacher he or she is going to observe. For example if I am teaching bricklaying and Iââ¬â¢m teaching unacceptable practices how is that inspector meant to know I am teaching the wrong methods? Surely the only way to overcome this problem is to have employed properly qualified teachers and trainers and not just people with some subject knowledge. Now that the IFL is a voluntary body the employers themselves have discretion over this matter. Construction Skills is another organisation that oversee and support the vocational training we deliver in offender learning. They are a massive organisation and have a lot of different strands from providing qualifications, courses and assessment and training support through CSkills as an awarding organisation. They also developing courses and provide support and training to local businesses through being an industry training board. In 2003 Construction Skills were awarded Sector Skills Council status, this allowed them to deliver valued support across the industry. Their main aims are to help reduce a shortage in specialise skills and help to bring a diverse workforce into the industry. They are also involved in improving business performance and developing professional standards for construction occupations both trade and professional. The other area that they cover is probably most relevant to my work as a vocational trainer; they have a large input on the improvement of education for apprenticeships and higher and further education. They achieve this by awarding grants for training, providing businesses with advice on getting the best from their work force offering card schemes, recognised qualifications and helping to link college learning with on the job experience. Professionalism As teachers, trainers, tutors or whatever you what to call us in FE we all have more than one hat we wear that makes us a professional. The IFL although seemingly no more used to keep everybody who worked as a ââ¬Ëteacherââ¬â¢ under the status of a professional. They did this by having in place the requirement to achieve QTLS or ATLS within five years of working within the education sector. QTLS stand for qualified teacher learning and skills and ATLS associate teacher learning and skills. Everybody working as a teacher was required to register as one or the other of these statuses depending on your level of teaching qualification, the full Cert Ed being a level 5, I myself would have had to apply for QTLS status. However the following quote suggests that very little teachers working in the sector today have taken out the required status of QTLS/ATLS. ââ¬Å"Only a small number of lecturers have become ââ¬Ëfully qualifiedââ¬â¢ under the current arrangements: between 2,900 (GHK, August 2011) and some 6,000 (IfL submission, 2012). Whilst this number may rise as the five-year watershed approaches, some 85 per cent of FE lecturers have not embarked on the final supervised practice phase, following the diploma. We do not believe that so slight a result after such a long delay makes this qualification credible as a licence to practise which, properly speaking, should be earned before starting work, as it would be in other professions.â⬠(Bis [03/2012] [Online]) By making this a requirement the IFL aimed at ensuring each individual teacher had the ability to work at the standards expected of a licenced practitioner. To meet this requirement you were expected to submit evidence of your teaching practice, subject and background knowledge, your continued professional development and your own reflective practice. I feel this was affair approach to the matter They may say the ââ¬Å"licence to practice should be earned before starting workâ⬠but the profession of teaching is like no other. Its not really something you can learn out of a book you have to get out there and do it then reflect on it, prepare and do it again. My personal two hats consist of my subject specialism, Carpentry and Joinery level 3 qualification, and hopefully in a couple of months my Cert Ed teaching qualification. Other training and development also comes into it, like holding a CSCS card, which is the Construction Skills Certificate Scheme. Another initiative that Construction Skills mentioned earlier are responsible for putting in place. It means you must hold a valid card to work on any building site in the country. To get a card you must pass a construction health and safety test, the cards also state on the back your profession and level of qualification. This is another method of keeping this industry safe, to required standards and professional. ââ¬Å"Professional formation allows teachers to describe how these standards are evidenced in their teaching practice, along with aspects of subject currency, teaching and learning, reflective practice and planning for continuing professional development.â⬠(IFL [11/2008] [Online]) Professional formation isnââ¬â¢t just about your status or qualifications though. Itââ¬â¢s a lot about your actions too. As professionals we are expected to present, conduct and discipline ourselves in a particular manor. However with this status we also have the benefits of being rewarded recognition for our work, enhancing collaborations, sharing good practices and having support and respect from our colleagues, colleges and partnering bodies. The importance of engaging in CPPD CPPD or Continuing Personal and Professional Development is something as professionals we should all be doing on a regular basis. It was a requirement of the IFL to record our CPPD hours each year and although a lot of teachers possibly never took this serious it is a good method of keeping in touch with current affairs and adapting to changing trends. The key thing to remember is that this is not just about completing a list of activities undertaken during the year that add up to 6 or 12 or 30 hours. The time spent can be meaningless unless it makes a difference. (IFL [08/2009] [online]) Education is one such sector that never stands still, the requirement to change and reform is evident and we do this to keep things interesting, relevant and to continually push up standards. From a personal point of view, if Iââ¬â¢m teaching my subject specialism I want to be a fountain of knowledge in it, I think itââ¬â¢s important to have good subject knowledge and as I have been out of the trade a couple of years now this is something I aim the address on completion of the Cert Ed. I will look at gaining further qualifications in my subject, or maybe completing an assessorââ¬â¢s award. I have even considered going back to construction site work to gain further experience and update my knowledge. Ideally being out in the field working on actual jobs with students would be the perfect scenario for continually developing myself and I feel this would also benefit the learners immensely. As for CPPD in my teaching, I aim to complete all training events offered, for example we had smart board training at work the other day. I also aim to relish being thrown in at the deep end which regularly happens as a cover tutor. Iââ¬â¢m lucky in the way my support role at the prison lets me observe a lot of different teachers each week and taking on their good practices and addressing learners needs is excellent CPPD for me. The importance of reflective practice Reflecting on our work as teachers is the best way to develop, its important to have regular teaching practice. We learn valuable things when were in lessons, under pressure and on the spot, however the real learning comes afterwards when we reflect and analyse the session. This is our time to put things right in our heads and prepare ourselves for the same scenarios the next time. It would be extremely difficult to pre-empt every situation that could occur and almost impossible to prepare for each. ââ¬Å"teachers who explore their own teaching through critical reflection develop changes in attitudes and awareness which they believe can benefit their professional growth as teachers, as well as improve the kind of support they provide their students.â⬠(tttjournal [ND] [Online]) Not only should we be reflecting from our own experiences but itââ¬â¢s also extremely valuable to reflect on observations, hearing opinions from another personââ¬â¢s point of view can really pin point things that may have been frustrating us for weeks. Critical reflective practice is more complex than just reflecting. Itââ¬â¢s about planning how you will evaluate a lesson or even a CPPD event; it is good practice to critically review these situations through different peopleââ¬â¢s points of view. Your colleagues, students, boss, or even a person in the field actually doing what youââ¬â¢re teaching or being taught. With this in mind reflection is one of our most important tools. Bibliography Bis [03/2012] Professionalism in further education [Online] http://www.bis.gov.uk/assets/biscore/further-education-skills/docs/p/12-670-professionalism-in-further-education-interim [Accessed 27/05/2012] IFL [08/2009] Guidelines for your continuing professional development (CPD) [online] http://www.ifl.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/5501/J11734-IfL-CPD-Guidelines-08.09-web-v3.pdf [Accessed 12/06/2012] IFL [11/2008] Professional Formation [Online] http://www.itslifejimbutnotasweknowit.org.uk/files/IfL-professional-formation-overview.pdf [Accessed 12/06/2012] LSIS [ND] Our Impact in the Sector [Online] http://www.lsis.org.uk/AboutLSIS/LSIS-impact/Pages/default.aspx [Accessed 20/06/12] TES [30/03/2012] FE professionalism gets radical shake-up [Online] http://www.tes.co.uk/article.aspx?storycode=6202944 [Accessed 15/04/2012] Tttjournal [ND] Towards Reflective Teaching [Online] http://www.tttjournal.co.uk/uploads/file/back_articles/towards_reflective_teaching.pdf [Accessed 03/06/12] Devon Vannhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04154182671415399799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6548919616700443915.post-85347157321030659872019-11-14T19:50:00.001-08:002019-11-14T19:50:04.893-08:00student :: essays research papers Strategies For College Writing: Sentences, Paragraphs, Essays Second Edition Jeanette Harris, Texas Christian University Ann Moseley, Texas A&M-Commerce Appropriate Courses Designed for courses in Developmental Writing and Basic Writing. Summary Strategies for College Writing offers full coverage of the basics of writing essays, paragraphs, and sentences with a focus on preparing students for academic writing and reading assignments. The book starts with detailed attention to the writing process at a pace that is comfortable for the developmental student. It emphasizes the importance of the controlling idea, the process of gathering information from both personal experience and other sources, the structure of an essay, and the way in which ideas are arranged and connected. In Part Two, students learn how to use models for each of the patterns of development. The sentence/grammar material is self-contained in Part Three for flexible use by students studying independently or by teachers who might want to focus on a particular topic. Students learn how to construct different types of sentences and how to use appropriate punctuation. Ample exercise material reinforces the instruction. Part Four, Critical Reading Strategies, focuses on the process of reading and relates it to the process of writing and provides students with effective strategies for summarizing, note-taking, and annotating reading material. Features An emphasis on academic writing and reading assignments prepares students to deal successfully with college work. Integration of reading and writing instruction reinforces how these two fundamental skills complement each other and helps students deal more effectively with academic discourse. Abundant exercise work includes group activities called ââ¬Å"Participating in the Academic Communityâ⬠at the end of each chapter to help promote active learning through collaboration. Chapters on doing research and conducting interviews and observations support students' efforts to look outside themselves for writing topics. A separate section of readings is grouped thematically and offers material from academic and popular sources for practicing critical reading and writing skills. Sentence exercises, including cloze and sentence-combining types, allow students to focus on the discrete skill being taught and then to work with the skill in the context of a paragraph or essay in passages provided in the text and in their own writing. Extensive examples of student writing are included in the writing sections of the book to provide examples that are accessible to students. An extensive instructor's manual supports a variety of course methods and emphases. Contents Each chapter ends with ââ¬Å"Chapter Review,â⬠ââ¬Å"Participating in the Academic Community,â⬠and ââ¬Å"Writing Assignment. Devon Vannhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04154182671415399799noreply@blogger.com0